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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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The underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and experience.
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Description
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Theoretical task of identifing the units of personality, with particular exphasis on the differences between people.
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Dynamics
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The motivational aspect of personality.
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Development
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Formulation or change [of personality] over time.
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Individual Differences
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Qualities that make one person different from another.
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Type
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A category of people with similar characteristics
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Quantitative Measures
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Measures that permit expression of various amounts of something, such as a trait.
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Trait
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Personality characteristic that makes one person differentfrom another and/or that describes an indiviudal's personality.
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Factor
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A statistically derived quantitative dimension of personality that is broader than most traits.
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Nomothetic
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involving comparisons with other individuals; research based on groups of people.
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Idiographic
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focusing on one individual.
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adaptation
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coping with the external world.
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temperment
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consistent styles of behavior and emotional reacrions present from early life onward, presumably caused by biological factors.
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Scientific Method
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teh method of knowing based on systematic observation
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Determinism
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The assumption that phenomena have causes that can be discovered.
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Theory
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A conceptual tool, consisting of systematically organized constructs and propositions, for understanding certain specified phenomena.
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Construct
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A concept used in theory
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Operational Definition
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Procedure for measuring a theoretical construct.
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Theoretical Proposition
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Theoretical statement about relationships amoung theoretical constructs.
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Hypothesis
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A prediction to be tested by research
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Empirical
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Based on scientific observations.
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Verifiable
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The ability of a theory to be tested by empirical procedures, resulting in confirmation or disconformation.
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Disconformation
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Evidence against a theory; obervartions that contradict the preditiona of a hypothesis.
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Comprehensiveness
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The ability of a theory to explain a broad variety of observations.
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Applied Value
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Tghe ability of a theory to guide practical uses
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Applied Research
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Research intended for practical use.
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Basic Research
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Research intended tgo develop theory
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Inplicit Theories of Personality
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ideas about personality that are held by ordingary people (not based on formal theory)
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Reliability
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Consistency, as when a measurement is repeated at another time or by another observer, with similar results.
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Validity
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Desireable characteristic of a test, indicated in actually does measure what it is intended to measure.
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Construct Validty
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Teh usefullness of a theoretical term, evidenced by an accumulation of research findings.
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Correlational Research
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Research method that examined the relationships among measurements.
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True Experimental Reserach
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Reserach strategy that manipulates a cuse to determine its effect
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Indpendent Variable
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In an experiment, the cause that is manipulated by the researcher
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Experimental Group
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In an experiment, the group exposed to the experimental treatment.
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Control Group
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In an experiment, the group not exposed to the experimental treatment.
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Dependant Variable
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The effect in an experiemtnal study
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Variables
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In research a measurement of something across various people(or tiems or stiuations), which takes on different values,
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Case Study
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An intensive investiation of a single individual.
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Psychobiolography
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The application of a personality theory to the study of an individual's life, different from a case study because of its theoretical emphasis.
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Eclectic
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Combining ideas form a variety of theories
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Paradigm
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A basic theoretical model, shared by various theorists and researchers.
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The Three Areas Addressed by Personality Theory
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Discription, Dynamics and Development.
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory and its application on therapy.
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Conscious
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Aware: congnizant; mental processes of which a pserson is aware.
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Preconscious
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Mental content of which a personal is currently unaware but that can readily be made conscious.
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Unconscious
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Mental processes of which a person is unaware.
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Conversion hysteria
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Form of neurosis in which psychological conflicts are expressed in physical symptoms (without actual physical damage)
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Manifest Content
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The surface meaning of a dream
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Latent Content
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The hidden, iunconscious meaning of a dream.
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Paraproxis
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(plurales) a psychologically motivated erroe, more commonly called a Freudian slip.
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Freudian Slip
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A psychologically motivated error in speech, hearing, behavior, and so forth (e.g., forgetting the birthday of a disliked relative)
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Condensation
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Combining of two or more imagesl characteristic of primary processes (e.g., in dreams)
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Projective test
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A test that presents ambuguous stimuli such as inkblots or pictures, so responses will be determined by the test taker's unconscious.
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Repression
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Defense mechanism in which unacceptable impulses are made unconscious.
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id
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The most primitive structure of personality; the source of psychic energy
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Ego
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The most mature structure of personality; mediates itrapsychic conflict and copes with the expternal world.
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Superego
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Structure of personality that is the internal voice of parental and societal restrictions.
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Pleasure Principle
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The id's modivation to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.
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Libido
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Psychic energy, derived from sexuality.
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Eros
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The life instinct
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Thanatos
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The death instinct
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Cathexis
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Investmetn of psychic energy in an object.
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Primary Process
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Unconscious mental functioning in which the id predominates; characterized by illogical, symbolic thought.
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Reality Principle
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Teh ego's mode of functioning in which there is appropriate contact with the external world.
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Secondary Process
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Conscious mental functioning in which the ego predominates; characterized by logical thought.
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Intropsychic Conflict
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Conflict within the personality as between id desires and superego restrictions.
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Defense Mechanisms
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Ego strategies for coping with unconscious conflict.
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Denial
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Primitive defense mechanism in which material that produces conflict is simply repressed.
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Denial
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Primitive defense mechanism in wich material that produces conflict in simply repressed.
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Reaction Formation
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Defense mechanism in which a person thinks or behaves in a manner opposite to the unacceptable impulse.
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Projection
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Defense mechanism in which a peron's own unacceptable impulse is incorrectly thought to belong to someone else.
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Displacement
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Defense mechanism in which energy is transferred from one objectr or activity to another.
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Identification
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defense mechanism in which a person fuses or models after another person.
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Isolation
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Defense mechanism in which conflictful material is kept disconnected from other thoughts.
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Rationalization
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Defense mechanism in which resonable conscious expalnations are offered rather than true unconscious motivations.
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Intellectualization
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Defense mechanism in which a person focuses on thining and avoids feeling
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Sublimation
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Defense mechanism in which impulses are exprfessed in socailly acceptable ways
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Oral Stage
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The first psychosexual stage of development, from birth to age 1.
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Anal Stage
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The second psychosexual stage of development, from age 1 to 3
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Phallic Stage
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The third psychosexual stage of development, from 3 to 5.
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Fixation
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Failure to develop normally through a particular developmental stage
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Oral Character
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Personality type resulting from fixation in the first psychosexual stage; characterized by optimism, passivity, and dependency
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Anal Character
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Personality type resulting from fixation at age 1 to 3, characterized by orderliness, parsimony, and obstinacy.
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Oedipus Conflict
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Conflict that males experience from age 3 to 5 involving sexual love for the mother and aggressive revalryh with the father.
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Castration anxiety
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Fear that motivates male development at age 3 to 5
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Genital Stage
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The adult psychosexual stage.
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Genital Character
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Healthy personality type
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Free Association
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Psychoanalytic techinque in which the patient says whatever comes to mind , permitting unconscious connections to be discovered
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Carthasis
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Therapeutic accts of a release of emotion when previously repressed material is made conscious.
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Insight
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Conscious recognition of one's motivation and unconscious conflicts.
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Transference
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In therapy, the patient's displacement onto the therapsit of feelings based on earlier experiences (e.g., with the patients' own parents.)
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Contertransference
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The analyst's reaction to the patient, as distorted by unresolved conflicts.
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