Personality Psych 2

Front 1

Ivan Pavlov

Back 1

-Father village priest
-Went to seminary
-Originally studied physiology particularly of digestion

Front 2

Classical conditioning

Back 2

-The concept that after the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response and a neutral stimulus, the previously neutral stimulus can come to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus
-Can explain emotional aspects of personality: pavlov presented food with a circle but not with an ellipse, then he made the circle more and more round until dogs couldn't tell the difference, then it exhibited neurotic symptoms like howling and struggling.

Front 3

Generalization

Back 3

-Conditioned responses can occur in response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
-Ex. child being afraid of all bugs after being stung by bee

Front 4

Discrimination

Back 4

-Learning to tell the difference between different stimuli, responding only to the conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli
-Ex. child stung by bee, but flies and gnats don't bother them

Front 5

Extinction

Back 5

-When the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus stops
-Gradual decrease in the response

Front 6

John B. Watson

Back 6

-Born in SC
-Rat caretaker to earn money
-Founder of behaviorism
-Studied advertising and how it motivates people's purchasing
-Applied conditioning principles to humans
-Rejection of introspection
-Little Albert

Front 7

Systematic desensitization

Back 7

-Gradually extinguishing a phobia by causing the feared stimulus to become dissociated from the fear response

Front 8

B.F. Skinner

Back 8

-Born in PA
-Went to school to be a writer but then went back to school for psych
-Radical determinist
-Operant conditioning: behavior is changed by its consequences

Front 9

Reinforcement

Back 9

-An event that strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood of repeating the behavior in the future
-Positive: adding
-Negative: withdrawing

Front 10

Law of Effect

Back 10

-Edward Thorndike
-Concept that the consequence of a behavior will either strengthen or weaken the behavior, that is, when a response follows a stimulus and results in satisfaction for the organism, this strengthens the connection between S and R, however, if the response results in discomfort of pain, its weakened

Front 11

Shaping

Back 11

-The process in which undifferentiated operant behaviors are gradually changed or shaped into a desired behavior pattern by the reinforcement of successive approximations, so that the behavior more and more resembles the target behavior

Front 12

Punishment

Back 12

-A consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency
-Can be positive or negative

Front 13

Operant Theory

Back 13

-Responses have environmental consequences
-Those rewarded appear again
-Ex. wearing lucky shoes to an exam

Front 14

Operant conditioning and personality

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-People have either not learned the appropriate response and have a behavioral deficiency of learned the wrong response
-Ex. neurotic personality results from being reinforced for overly emotional behavior

Front 15

Walden Two

Back 15

-Applied the principles of operant conditioning to design a society
-Sets up a controlling environment by using positive reinforcement
-Utopian society that is behaviorally engineered based on operant conditioning

Front 16

Clark Hull

Back 16

-Role of drive alleviation: hungry rat responds differently to food than full rat
-Habits: associations between a stimulus and a response
-Emphasized both internal states and the environment as critical to understanding

Front 17

Dollard and Miller

Back 17

-Combined psychoanalytic theory with behaviorism
-Social Learning Theory: likelihood of responding in a certain way (habits) are built up in terms of secondary drives
-Primary drives = food, shelter, sex, innate
-Secondary drives = money, etc learned through reinforcement/learning history

Front 18

Habit Hierarchy

Back 18

-Dollar and Miller
-In SLT, a learned hierarchy of likelihoods that a person will produce particular responses in particular situations
-Individual experiences result in learning the likelihood that a specific response in a particular situation results in rewards
-Personality is the probability of responses

Front 19

Internal conflicts

Back 19

1. Approach-approach = pick between 2 desirable options
2. Approach-avoidance = thing you select has good and bad qualities
3. Avoidance-avoidance = pick between 2 undesirable options
4. Double approach-avoidance = 2 options but both have good and bad qualities

Front 20

Behaviorism

Back 20

-Humans as intelligent rats learning life mazes
+Requires rigorous empirical study, looks for general laws that apply to all organisms. forces attention to the environmental influences on behavior
(-)Ignores insights and advances from cognitive and social psych, may tend to dehumanize unique human potentials, explains all differences between individuals as a consequence of their reinforcement histories, views humans as objects to be trained
-Behavior determined by environmental contingencies

Front 21

Gestalt psych

Back 21

1. Human beings seek meaning in their environments
2. We organize the sensations we receive into meaningful perceptions
3. Complex stimuli are not reducible to the sum of their parts
-The whole is greater than the sum of the parts

Front 22

Kurt Lewin

Back 22

-Born in Prussia
-Studied bio
-Volunteered for German army and injured in WWI
-Moved to US

Front 23

Kurt Lewin's Field Theory

Back 23

-Behavior is determined by complex interactions among a person's internal psychological structure, the forces of the external environment, and the structural relationships between the person and the environment
-Life space = all internal and external forces, ex. family, religion, etc
-Contemporaneous causation = behavior is caused at the moment of its occurrence by all the influences that are present in the individual at that moment

Front 24

Field Dependence

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-The extent to which an individual's problem solving is influenced by salient but irrelevant aspects of the context in which the problem occurs
-Field independence involves not being influenced by the environment
-Rod and Frame test

Front 25

Jean Piaget

Back 25

-Born in Switzerland
-1st interested in bio
-Taught school run by Binet
-Married his student

Front 26

Schema Theory

Back 26

-Schema: a cognitive structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about one's environment, determines how we think and act
-Script: schemas for familiar events, ex. eating at a restaurant
-Categorization: we tend to organize events, objects, and people into categories, occurs automatically

Front 27

George Kelly

Back 27

-Born in Kansas
-Degree in hard sciences but interested in social problems
-Personal construct theory

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Personal Construct Theory

Back 28

-Emphasizes the idea that people actively endeavor to construe or understand the world and construct their own theories about human behavior
-Role construct repertory test: an assessment technique to evoke a person's own personal construct system by making comparisons among triads of important people in the life of the person being assessed

Front 29

Explanatory style

Back 29

-A characteristic way of interpreting life events
-Optimism and Pessimism: optimistic generally associated with better outcomes, implications for achievement

Front 30

Intelligence

Back 30

-Social intelligence: knowledge and skills relevant to interpersonal situations, empathy, compassion, humor, etc
-Emotional intelligence: knowledge and skills relevant to emotions, self awareness, controlling angry/anxieties, determination, empathic, and smooth interactions

Front 31

Julian Rotter

Back 31

-Born in Brooklyn
-Read Freud and Adler in HS
-Took classes with Kurt Lewin
-Depression powerfully influenced Rotter to be aware of social injustice
-Behavior depends upon outcome expectancy and reinforcement value

Front 32

Outcome expectancy

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-Person's expectative that his or her behavior will be reinforced
-Reinforcement value: value of the expected reinforcer to the individual

Front 33

Behavior Potential

Back 33

-a term used by Rotter to describe the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur in a specific situation
-Specific expectancy: the expectancy that a reward will follow a behavior in a particular situation
-Generalized expectancy: expectancies that are related to a group of situations
-Ex. Generalized: a party will be fun, Specific: not enjoying your father's office party

Front 34

Locus of control

Back 34

-beliefs about one's ability to affect outcomes
-External locus of control: believe events are beyond their control
-Internal locus of control: more achievement-oriented

Front 35

Albert Bandura

Back 35

-Born in canada
-Parents had no formal education
-Career in psych came by chance

Front 36

Self-system

Back 36

-The set of cognitive processes by which a person perceives, evaluates, and regulates his or her own behavior so it's functionally efficient and appropriate
-So an individual is affected not only by external processes of reinforcement provided by the environment but also internal processes of the self

Front 37

Factors that influence modeling

Back 37

1. Outcome expectancy: individuals are more likely to imitate behaviors that they believe tend to lead to positive outcomes
2. Characteristics of the model: age, gender, status, competence, etc
3. Characteristics of the behavior: simple and salient behaviors
4. Attributes of the observer: self-esteem, dependence, cognitive development

Front 38

Processes underlying observational learning

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1. Attention - must be attended to
2. Retention - capacity to encode the behavior
3. Motor reproduction - must be able to do it and mentally picture it
4. Motivation - to perform the behavior

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Self-efficacy

Back 39

-A belief about how competently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particular situation
-Determines: if we even try to act, how long we persist in our behavior, how success or failure affects future behavior
-Results from past success and failures, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional reactions

Front 40

Cognitive

Back 40

-Humans as scientists and information processors
+Explains personality through uniquely human processes of cognition, captures active nature of human thought, differences in cognitive skills are viewed as central to individuality
(-)Often ignores unconscious and emotional aspects of personality, some theories tend to oversimplify complex thought processes, may underemphasize situational influences on behavior
-Free will through active human thought processes

Front 41

Hippocrates' bodily humors

Back 41

-Sanguine (blood): courageous, hopeful, amorous
-Melancholic (black bile): despondent, sleepless, irritable
-Choleric (yellow bile): easily angered, bad tempered
-Phlegmatic (phlegm): calm, unemotional
-Dominant amount determined characteristics

Front 42

Carl Jung

Back 42

-2 attitudes: extroversion, introversion
-4 functions: sensing, thinking, feeling, intuiting
-8 types

Front 43

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Back 43

-A widely used instrument that attempts to measure introversion and extroversion and several other subclassifications as defined by Jung
-Sensation-Intuition scale, Thinking-Feeling scale, Judgment-Perception scale

Front 44

Gordon Allport

Back 44

-Born in Indiana
-Grew up with Protestant work ethic
-Lifelong concern with prejudice (culture on personality)
-Personality: the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought
-Each person has unique qualities
-Philosophical, humanistic, scholarly approach
-Regularities in behavior arise because the individual views many situations and stimuli in the same way, many of the individual's behaviors are similar in their meaning (functionally equivalent)
-Common traits due to biological heritage and culture there are some common traits (ex. dominance in American culture)
-Proprium: core of personality
-Idiographic methods

Front 45

Personal dispositions

Back 45

-Goals, motives, styles
-Cardinal dispositions: personal dispositions that exert an overwhelming influence on behavior [ruling passion of a person's life]
-Central dispositions: the several personal dispositions around which personality is organized [not quite as pervasive as cardinal]

Front 46

Raymond Cattell

Back 46

-Born in UK
-Worked on PhD with Charles Spearman (factor analysis)
-Refined factor analysis, data driven not theory driven, reduced many different traits to sixteen traits
-Collected many different types of data: Q-data (from self reports and questionnaires), T-data (from experiments, observable or test data), and L-data (life data)

Front 47

Cattell's Global Factors

Back 47

-from 16 PF
-can be high or low on each
1. extraversion
2. anxiety
3. tough-mindedness
4. independence
5. self-control

Front 48

Henry Murray

Back 48

-born in NYC of wealthy family
-had affair and Jung told him to continue with an open affair
-in WWII lead psychological testing for selection for spies and dangerous mission teams

Front 49

Motives

Back 49

Internal psychobiological forces that help induce particular behavior patterns
-Needs: need for achievement, affiliation, power, and exhibition
-Life-tasks
-Personal strivings

Front 50

The Big Five

Back 50

-OCEAN
-Extroversion
-Agreeableness
-Conscientiousness
-Neuroticism
-Openness to experience
-Created through factor analysis
-Emerged from data, not theory
-Behavior genetics and cross-cultural research suggest these traits are real
-Not five traits, they are extremely broad and contain narrower traits within them

Front 51

Eysenck's Big Three

Back 51

-Traits are derived from three biological systems
1. Extroversion
2. Neuroticism
3. Psychoticism

Front 52

Consensus in Personality Judgments

Back 52

-The importance of consensus in determining the reality of personality traits
-Friends' judgments vs strangers' judgments (zero acquaintance): observation and judgment of someone with whom one has never interacted
-Highest agreement for extroversion and conscientiousness

Front 53

Trait and Skill Approach

Back 53

-Humans are clusters of temperaments, traits, and skills
+Simplifies personality to a small number of basic dimensions, looks for a deeper consistency underlying behaviors, good assessment techniques, allows for comparisons between individuals
(-)May reach too far trying to capture the individual in a few ways - oversimplification, may label people on the basis of test scores, sometimes underestimates variability across situations, may underestimate the influence of unconscious motives and early experience
-Allows for free will at the margins, after predispositions and motives exert their influence

Front 54

Existentialism

Back 54

-An area of philosophy where human beings create the meanings of their own lives
-"Being-in-the-world": must examine human beings in their world
-Phenomenological: subjective realities are valid data for study

Front 55

Humanism

Back 55

-An area of philosophy that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the importance of human values
-"Third force": emphasizes the creative, spontaneous, and active nature of human beings

Front 56

Martin Buber

Back 56

-Our existence comes from our relations with others
-I-Thou dialogue: direct, mutual relationship
-I-It dialogue: individual treats other things, people, etc as objects to be used and experienced, does not value them for themselves

Front 57

Human Potential Movement

Back 57

-People are encouraged to realize their inner potentials
-Uses group meetings, self-disclosure, and introspection
-A movement that focused on helping normal persons achieve their full potential through an eclectic combination of therapeutic methods and disciplines.

Front 58

Erich Fromm

Back 58

-Born in Germany
-Not a very happy childhood
-2 events changed his life: family friend's suicide and WWI's war hysteria
-Believed love allows us to overcome our isolation but still maintain our individual integrity, loving is an art, and modern society encourages existential alienation (cover this alienation up by "having fun")

Front 59

Existential Alienation

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-As society becomes more individualistic and consumerist the rate of major psychological depression in western countries has risen
-violence, divorce, and anxiety in child and college students rose dramatically

Front 60

Dialectical humanism

Back 60

-Reconciles the biological, driven side of human beings and the pressure of societal structure
-Believes people can transcend these forces through free will to become spontaneous and creative, etc

Front 61

Carl Rogers

Back 61

-Born in Illinois
-Emphasized taking personal responsibility for one's own life
-People have an inherent tendency toward growth and maturation
-"Becoming one's self"
-People must strive to take responsibility for themselves
-Fully Functioning Person (7 traits)

Front 62

Abraham Maslow

Back 62

-Born in NY
-Studied law
-Worked with Harry Harlow
-Hierarchy of needs

Front 63

Hierarchy of Needs

Back 63

-Physiological -> safety -> love/belonging -> esteem -> self-actualization
-Must complete one need for moving on

Front 64

Self-actualization

Back 64

-The innate process by which a person tends to gain spiritually and realize his or her potential
-Self-actualized people are spiritually fulfilled, comfortable with themselves, loving, ethical, creative, and productive

Front 65

Humanistic

Back 65

-Humans as free, sentient beings seeking spiritual fulfillment
+Emphasizes courageous struggle for self-fulfillment, appreciates the spiritual nature of a person, based on healthy well-adjusted individuals, considers each individual's experience unique
(-)May avoid quantification and scientific method, sometimes insufficiently concerned with reason, theories are sometimes ambiguous or inconsistent
-Free will is essential to being human