Personality Psych 1

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theory

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principle or set of principles about a class of events; explanation, prediction, control

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criteria for evaluating theories

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"power": efficacy in explanation, prediction, control
parsimony
capacity to stimulate research

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metatheory

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set of assumptions that underlies a theory

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continuous interplay

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theory->prediciton->research->revise theory->new prediction->research.....

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trait perspective

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ppl have fairly stable traits that are displayed across many settings but are deeply embedded

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motive perspective

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the key element in human experience is the motive forces that underlie behavior

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inheritance and evolution perspective

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humans are creatures that evolved across many millennia and human nature is deeply rooted in our genes- genetically based; dispostions are inherited

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biological process perspective

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personality reflects the workings of the body we inhabit and the brain runs the body

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psychoanalytic perspective

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internal forces compete and conflict

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psychosocial (neoanalytic)

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most imp aspect of human nature is our formation of relationships and how these relationships play out

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social learning perspective

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change rather than constancy is paramount; key quality of huan nature is that behavior changes systematically as a result of experiences

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self actualization and self determination perspective (organismic)

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everybody has potential to grow and develop into a valuable human being if permitted to do so; ppl tend toward self perfection

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cognitive perspective

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human nature involves deriving meaning from experiences; mind imposes organization and form on experience and those mental organizations influence how people act

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self regulation perspective

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people are complex psychological systems; there are recurrent processes tht form organized actions that attain specific endpoints

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intrapersonal functioning

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psychological processes that take place w/in a person

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Ancient Greece/Rome

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disease and mental illness are caused by supernatural forces

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Hippocrates

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health depends on 4 humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm

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Galen

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used humors to explain personality

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Esyenck

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contemporary psychologist whose theories kidna matched up with galen's

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Middle Ages

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few contributions; collectivistic

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renaissance

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people=individuals

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age of reason

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intellectual climate focused on rationality; science flourished

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phrenology

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Franz Joseph Gall
brain is organ of mind, composed of distinct faculties; size and shape of head can give insights to characteristics and power

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romantic period

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revolt against exaggerated rationality; focus on irrational emotions, impulsivity; set stage for Freud

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modern developments

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William James' Principles of Pysch; psych distinct discipline

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theory

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principle or set of principles about a class of events;
goals: explanation, prediction, control;

evaluating: "power"- efficacy in explanation, prediction, control; parsimony; capacity to stimulate research

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metatheory

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set of assumptions that underlie a theory

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Henry Murray

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studied person as a coherent entity- "personology"

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experience sampling studies

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"diary studies" over extended periods of time

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generality or generalizability

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how widely a conclusion can be applied; case study is deficient in this

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unit of analysis

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people, time, situations, families, countries, cultures

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case study v sampling from population

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cant generalize case studies

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correlational v experimental research

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correlational are variables are measured
experimental one or more variable is manipulated

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criteria for establishing causation

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document a correlation; establish a direction (x then y); rule out spurious influences

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statistically significant

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correlation would have been that large or larger only rarely if no true relationship exists

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clinically or practically significant

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stat significant and large enough to have some practical importance

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3rd variable problem

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possible involvement of another variable in a correlation

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experimental method

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demonstrate cause and effect

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experimental control

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treating everybody the same

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mutli factor study

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2 or more variables are varied separately, which means creating all combos of the various levels of the predictor variables

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main effect

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a finding in which the effect of one predictor variable is independent of other variables

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experimental personality research

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study involving a personality factor and an experimental factor

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construct

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an abstract theoretical concept

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operationalization

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the concrete manner that a construct is assessed (or operational definition)

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reliability

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consistency or replicability

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validity

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measuring what one intends to measure

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systematic error

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meaningful but not what you wanted to measure- confound

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random error

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meaningless noise

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internal consistency

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consistency amont items

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interrater reliabilty

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consistency among raters

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construct validity

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does your operationalization match your construct?
no direct way to measure

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convergent validity

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is the construct related to theorectically related constructs

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discriminant validity

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is it distinct from theoretically unrelated constructs

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incremental validity

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is it something more than what existing measures already assess

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threats to validity

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response sets (e.g. acquiescence)
social desirability

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observer ratings

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measures of personality coming from someone other than the person being measured

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identity claims

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symbolic statements about who we are (photos, bumper stickers etc)

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feeling regulators

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arent intended to send messages abt our identity, but to help us manage our emotions (bathtubs with candles)

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behavioral residues

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physical traces left in our sorroundings by everyday actions (trash)

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self report

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ppl themselves indicate what they think theyre like or how they feel or act

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inventory

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assesses several aspects of personality in the same test

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implicit assessment

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given task that involves making judgments about a stimuli- the pattern of responses (reaction times) can inform an assessor abt what the person is like

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subjective v objective measures

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subjective requires interpretation

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split half reliability

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looking at avg correlation between two items, separate the two items into 2 subsets, add up peoples scores for each subset and correlate the two with each other

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conceptual definition

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spells out a words meaning in terms of conceptual attributes

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operation definition

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description of physical event

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rational or theoretical approach to assessment

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the use of a theory to decide what u want to measure then deciding how to measure it

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empirical approach to assessment

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relies on data, rather then on theory to decide what items fo into the assessment device

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criterion keying

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items retained are those that distinguish the criterion group and other people (for empirical approach to assessment)

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darwins influence on freud

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drives ,past leads to present, adaptiveness

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descartes influence on freud

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mind body dualism

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topographical model of mind

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conscious, preconscious, unconscious

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ego strength

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egos ability to be effective despite conflicts

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drives (according to Freud)

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life and death -> eros and thanatos

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libido

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energy of life instincts

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Structural model

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id, ego, superego

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Id

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entirely unconscious
origin of all energy; pleasure principle; cathexis; primary process

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ego

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all levels of consciousness but mainly conscious and preconscious

evolves from id; reality principle, secondary process, anticathexis, ego cathexis

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superego

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evolves from ego; civilization and parents, introjection, ego ideal and conscience

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catharsis

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release of emotional tension

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pleasure principle

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all needs should be satisfied immediately, unsatisfied needs create aversive tension states; to prevent that, person seeks to reduce needs asap

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primary process

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forming an unconscious mental image of an object that would satisfy need if cant have; experience of having this image- wish fulfillment

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reality principle

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taking into account external reality along with internal needs and urges

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secondary process

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matching the unconscious image of a tension reducing object to a real one

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reality testing

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(in the ego) capactiy for realistic thought allows the mind to form plans of action to satisfy needs and test the plans mentally to see if itll work

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ego ideal

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rules for behavior

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conscience

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rules about what not to do

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introjection

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process of taking in the values of parents and society

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language of structural model

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bruno bettelheim found that get diff feeling from eng and german

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oral stage

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(0-18 months)
oral incorporative phase: taking in
oral sadistic: biting
major conflict is weaning: more independence
fixated at oral incorporative: smoke or gullible
fixated at oral sadistic: biting sarcasm

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anal stage

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(18 months to 3 yrs)
major conflict: toilet training: more self control and independence
ego develops to help resolve

anal explusive- blurt things out at wrong time
anal retentive- uptight, having difficulty in letting go

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phallic stage

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(3 yr to 5 yr)
major conflict: desire for opposite sex parent
Oedipus and elecktra complexes

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oedipus complex

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during phallic stage; attraction to mom (id); jealous of father: castration anxiety; models himself after father; live vicariously through or get someone like mom
fathers (and cultural) values are internalized- superego

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elektra complex

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no penis! angry at mom; loves father; can have a baby, penis sub; strives to be like mom, vicariously get joy or get someone like dad

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latency period

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(6 yr -13 yr)
intellectual social pursuits
libido relatively inactive

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genital stage

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(14 yrs->)
self gratification vs mutual pleasure
mature pleasure- sex relations
optimal development- care not just about own gratification but partners as well

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sublimation

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transfer of urges into pursuits such as art

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neurotic anxiety

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fear that id impulse will be expressed leading to punishment

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reality anxiety

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anxiety related to a real impending event

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moral anxiety

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fear you have violated/ will violate some moral code (superego); associated with shame and guilt

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defense mechanism

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strategies that alleviate anxiety by concealing threats from awareness

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repression

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pushing a painful memory or impulse out of awareness- unconscious-> anticathexis

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suppression

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intentionally and consciously pushing things out of awareness

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denial

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inability to believe what is obviously true; more likely that people deny certain interpretations

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projection

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ascribing ones own unacceptable qualities onto other people, while denying those within oneself

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false consensus

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tendency to overestimate extent to which ppl agree with you

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rationalization

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rational explanation for an unacceptable action (excuse)

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intellectualization

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thinking about something analytically w/o emotion

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reaction formation

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expressing opposite of ones unacceptable desire

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undoing

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Freud
literally un make happen; counterfactuals: thinking abt past, thinking abt what could have been diff

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regression

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returning to a type of coping from an earlier developmental stage

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displacement

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shift an impulse from an earlier target to a new one

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ego psychology

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sub branch of psychoanalysis
adaptive ego- helps person relate to world
conscious determinism
general motives
ego is independent of id; present from birth

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object relations theorists

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sub branch of psychoanalysis
ego-other bond
relationship as primary motive
mother child relationship

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Alfred Adler (5)

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"individual psych" (ego psych)
ego has more imp role; independent of id; plays role in identity, creativity, more then conflict
oedipus complex-> comp not about mom, instead child just wanted to compare better to father
drives v goals-> drives push us, goals allow us to strive for something
dreams are more functional
human nature is optimistic

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teleology

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explaining behavior in terms of reaching some endpoint

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inferiority complex

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adlers central construct
helplessness, powerlessness etc
sources: awareness of mortality, organ deficiency, being a child
solve by being superior in some way - compensation or overcompensation
or solve by safeguarding strategies

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safeguarding strategies

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Adler
excuses or rationalizing- blame symptoms
aggressive- blame others
distancing- escaping evaluation

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Heinz hartman

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ego psych
conflict and conflict free zones
primary and secondary ego autonomy
primary- autonomy from birth
secondary- orig. derivative of the id, then achieves autonomy later on

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Robert White

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ego psych
effectance motivation- being good at something
competence motivation- want to believe were competent to work hard to get good at something even if were not getting that immediate feedback

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jeanne and jack block

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Ego control v ego resilience
ego control- control over impulses: ppl high in it are very good at inhibiting impusles; rigid controlled ppl; ppl low in it, spontaneous, out of control
ego resilience- ability to vary avg level of ego control

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freuds critique of adler

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superficial; neglects sexual instincts; too biological

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Karen Horney

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criticisms of freud
overemphasis on anatomy
inattention to society and culture

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basic needs (karen horney)

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satisfaction of physiological needs;
safety (parents mess up- "basic hostitlity)

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basic hostility and anxiety

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(karen horney) child doesnt have understanding of feelings of inferiority

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neurotic needs

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Karen Horney
moving towards people- compliant
moving away from ppl- detached
moving against ppl- hostile

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John Bowlby

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Attachment theory
attachment betwn infant n caregiver
predisposition to form affective bonds
internal working model (image of how parents should act)
2 primary types of attachment: secure, insecure
influence thru life

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Ainsworth's strange situation

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secure, avoidant, ambivalent

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Erik Erikson

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stage theory corresponds to Freud's theory of psychosexual development

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Erikson v. Freud

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psychosocial v. psychosexual
conscious processes
entire lifespan
fixation v. ego strength

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competence motivation

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need to be successful in dealing with environment

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effectance motivation

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the need to have an impact on the environment

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ego identity

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the overall sense of self that emerges from your transactions with social reality

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epigenesis

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the idea that an internal plan for future development is present at the beginning of life

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mirroring

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giving of positive attention and supportiveness to someone

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psychosocial crisis or conflict

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Erik Erikson
a turning point in a developmental period when
some interpersonal issue is being dealt with and growth potential and vulnerability are both high

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selfobject

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Heinz Kohut
the mental representation of another person who functions to satisfy your needs

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separation--individuation

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Margeret Mahler
process of acquiring a distinct identity

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symbiosis

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Margaret Mahler
a period in which an infant experiences fusion with the mother

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transference

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Kohut
the viewing of other people thru selfobject representations orig developed for parents