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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is optimism a virtue? how is it a vice?
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virtue: evaluate self positively
good well being better health and longevity overall better outcomes vice: pursuit of unrealistic goals risk related to health behavior (not thinking they can get sick) |
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How is pessimism a virtue? how is it a vice?
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virtue:
more prepared for negative outcomes because they have low expectations (plan for worst) -more of a sense of control vice: negative affect, depression, poor physical health, anxiety -give up on goals -not valued in out society |
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What is a good strategy for people related to optimism and pessimism?
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important to be realistic
moderation - (not too optimistic or pessimistic -Defensive pessimism- expect worst and relieved when it doesn't happen |
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What is Existentialism? what are advantages?
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living in the now (closer to reality -because you are not focused on past or future)
-interpreting things as they come experience is important - individual differences because of different experiences |
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What are differences between Existentialism and Personality construct view?
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personal construct theory says who we are depends on the past, and future goals
existentialism says living in the moment gives us different experiences which result in individual differences |
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What is the flow experience?
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autotelic experience
the way the world is experienced is more important than the objective world being in the experience produces enjoyment, time passes quickly, and the thing is done for its own sake skills and challenges are in balance when experiencing flow ex. Funder -lecturing sports team in flow usually challenges a little more than skill |
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in the flow literature, what happens if challenges are greater than skills?
what happens if skills are greater than challenge? |
worry/anxiety
boredom |
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what is the advantage of NOT being in flow?
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good for evaluating the flow experience, and appreciating the conditions that bring flow about
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What is hardiness?
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stress makes things interesting
- if things are seen as a challenge (eustress) -distress if things are seen as a threat or obstacle |
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In th Hardy personality what is avoided and what is embraced?
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avoid - bad faith
-letting others live your life for you -ignoring troubling issues -no concern with meaning of life embrace- good faith -optimistic toughness -experience the world -make own meaning by confronting meaninglessness |
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How did Sartre say people confront meaninglessness?
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they experience existential anxiety and a threat to psychological death and either confront it or retreat to a comfortable life
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What are the stages in Maslow's hierarchy of needs ?
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1) basic psych.needs - food water
2) safety, security - protection 3)belonging/ social 4)status, esteem 5) self actualization - sense of who you are |
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what is a critique of Maslow's hiearchy?
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someone like a starving artist is still actualized even when the first stages in the hierarchy may not be met
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Why don't you want actual and ideal selves do be completely overlapping?
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boredom (stagnation)
nothing to strive for if totally actualized |
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What was important to Rogers?
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Need for other reguard
Need for self reguard self reguard depends on other reguard -once you have this you are opened up for exploration |
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What is Rogers' unconditional positive reguard?
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affirming emotions , not affirming actions
if conditional reguard - there is an incongruence between actual and ideal self and now way to bridge them (blocked) |
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what does Rogers' therapy (client centered) do?
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provides unconditional positive reguard
-not directing the patient -understanding and conveying the understanding to them reflecting what they say, so eventually they heal themselves |
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What are the three components of high hardiness?
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commitment - invest yourself in something
control - some control over situation challenge - growth through meeting challenges and learning from failure these can be worked on to develop hardiness |
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what is a study about hardiness?
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AT&T study of hardiness in 1970's
related hardiness to health high hardiness is helpful in stressful events - less illness makes type A behavior (controlling, perfectionist, aggressive) advantageous under stressful events |
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what do traditional conditioning theories say about personality? what are they not considering
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we are who we are because of reinforcements
not considering the cognitive factor - CAPS |
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what is an example of operant conditioning in personality?
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parenting styles and how they respond to a child's misbehavior
-Authoritarian - punish -spanking etc. -Authoritative - ask for explanations ---may result in differences in pers. Permissive ex. sports if reinforced constantly - becomes part of who you are |
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What is Bandura's idea about how children learn
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ex. sports
modeling by parent observation by child imitation by child |
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What is an example of classical conditioning and personality?
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fears/ phobias
abuse UCS UCR CS CR |
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what are the most important kinds of goals to personality?
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ideographic goals
involve- current concerns - thoughts personal projects - action involved personal strivings - more personality relevent when moving up in goals |
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In Mischel's CAPs what are the 4 variables that individual differences come from?
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Encoding strategies and personal constructs (incoming)
Subjective stimulus values (outgoing) Cognitive and behavioral competencies Self-regulatory systems and plans -Mischel - most important aspect is interaction of systems |
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What are Subjective stimulus values?
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beliefs about the possibility of attaining goals if pursued
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What are Encoding strategies and personal constructs
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encoding strategies - ideas about how the world can be categorized
personal constructs- beliefs about self and capabilities - way to perceive the world |
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What are Cognitive and behavioral construction competencies?
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involve mental abilities, and behavioral skills
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What are Self-regulatory systems and plans?
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how people directly control thought and behavior
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What are Dweck's two everyday life theories of intelligence?
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entity theory - (unchangeable) - you have something or don't
smart-stupid, mastery-non mastery shy away from challenge explain away failure low self efficacy incremental theory - (changeable) belief that intelligence and ability can change w/time and experience more self efficacy |
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What are examples of person constructs?
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mastery - non mastery - what it takes to master something
good-bad smart-stupid |
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what are self concepts and self esteem
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self concepts - Descriptions of self
self esteem - evaluation of self |
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What are cross cultural differences in personality?
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western cultures - use traits - 50% trait emphasis compared to 20% Hindu indians - more contextualized
.5 -US .2 Hindu -- heritability coef. Americans - autonomous - independent autonomous agent Hindu - think of selves in relation to others |
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What was found by the Klien et. al study?
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the patient with retrograde amnesia could remember and describe things in traits but not behavior memories
had semantic memory , but not episodic memory (no multiple self reference) may be damage to vmPFC like and cerebrum |
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What is the healthy Personality from a Rogerian perspective?
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Openness to experience - involves emotional reflexiveness, and cognitive reflectiveness
Existential living - flexible, adaptable, spontaneous Organismic trusting - trust sense of who you are, confidence in this Experiential Freedom - sense of freewill Creativity - producing new ideas and things |
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What is the healthy Personality from a Existential perspective?
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present is most important, and inner psychological things are most important
meaning and understanding, and self understanding are important |
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what is generally good for the healthy personality?
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a balance between bio, social, and inner psychological factors
and a balance between past present and future concerns |
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In Chiksie's flow, what is the healthy personality?
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spending about half of time in flow, time some by self and some with others
other time out of flow shows how to achieve it and learning from not being in it |
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In Cognitive social learning theories what is the healthy personality?
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modeling - accepting and following if it suites your purposes
Mischel's CAPs 4- variables that individual differences come from |
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What are some issues?
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structure (stable) vs. process (changes)
authentic self vs experiencing self one self vs. many (Klien study) |
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What is phenomenology?
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experience of the world is more important than the world itself
Your particular experience of the world is called your construal |
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In positive psychology, where does true happiness come from?
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overcoming important challenges
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What is necessary for effective punishment?
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have alternatives to the behavior being punished
must be right after the behavior avoid mixed messages (like cuddling child after punishing) arouses aggression - so may be too severe |
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What are Dollard an Millers primary and secondary drives
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primary -basics food water shelter, avoidance of pain, sex, and comfort
secondary - love, money, power, avoidance of humiliation can be no reinforcement without reducing a drive |
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What is Rotter's social learning theory?
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involves expectancies - how likely something is to occur
ex. job example |
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what did Bandura find about efficacy expectations
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weight lifting study. People did better if they thought they were competing against someone injured (hight efficacy group), than if they were competing against someone on a track team (low efficacy group). even thought stregth was the same
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What did Mischel find in studies of Delay of Gratification?
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children often thought of their desired object as something else (like thinking a marshmellow was a cloud) to make it easier to wait longer
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What are Mischel's if...then contingencies. What is an example?
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if in this situation...I behave this way
one person when insulted may just walk away, but another person with a different if …then pattern may respond violently |
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What was Mischel's goal with if...then contingencies?
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replace personality traits
more sensitive to the way people change their behavior across situations |
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What was the procedure in the Klien study of the amnesiac patient
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control participants with no memory loss
-did memory testing with semanitic and episodic memory tested -did personality testing - filled out questionaire and boyfriend filled it out (to see how she changed in comparison) |
