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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alfred Adler v. Freud |
Adler: -viewed humans as seeking companionship and harmony -questions were central part of theory -mind= integrated whole working together -minimized sex -optimistic, primarily social
Freud: -viewed humans as in constant conflict -ignored questions about life meaning and effects of future aspirations - mind= components in conflict -maximized sex -pessimistic, primarily biological |
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Individual Psychology |
individuals are characterized by inner harmony and a striving to cooperate with fellow humans |
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Adler's Theory: Humanism & Existentialism |
-humanism- because of its concern with the positive relationship among humans -existentialism- because concern with questions concerning the meaning of human existence; and the belief humans are future oriented, free to determine their own fate and meaning of life |
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Marxism |
Influenced Adler personality theory; learned that the social context within which one lives can significantly influence ones personality; also supported deep concern for common people |
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Alder's opinion of Freud's theory |
said it was founded on metrology of sex and that psychoanalysis was stimulated by the selfishness of a pampered child |
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Society of Free Psychoanalytic Research |
Alder's group that broke off for Freud Expressed the contempt for the restrictive nature of the Freudian organization Change to Society for Individual Psychology |
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Organ Inferiority and Compensation |
the idea that people are especially vulnerable to disease in organs that are less developed or inferior to other organs |
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Compensate |
compensate a weakness by concentrating on its development or emphasis of other functions that make up for the weakness |
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Overcompensate |
converting biological weakness |
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Feelings of Inferiority |
-shift from Organ Inferiority -subjective inferiority -compensation and overcompensation was dieted toward either real or imagined inferiorities -started with these feelings because we were completely dependent on adults for survival -stressed power and aggression as means of overcoming feelings of inferiority -bisexual- feminine (weak), masculine (strong) |
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Masculine Protest |
-striving to become more masculine -both men and women seek to become powerful, both attempt to approximate the cultural ideal of masculinity -sexuality important of what it symbolizes within a culture rather than biological gender |
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Feelings of Inferiority as Motivational |
weak feelings are the primary motivating force behind all personal accomplishments |
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Inferiority Complex |
feelings of inferiority act as a barrier rather than as a stimulus for positive accomplishment |
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Fundamental Fact of Life |
-was striving for superiority -subjective inferiority was compensated through aggression and power to the fact of life that all humans strive for superiority-perfection |
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Superiority Complex |
person concentrates exclusively on his or her own superiority while ignoring the needs of others and os society -tend to be domineering, vain, boastful, arrogant, and depreciative to others -lacks social interest |
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Vaihinger's Philosophy of "As If" |
1. we can only be certain of sensations; the subjective conscious elements provided by sensory stimulation and relationships among them because we experience the physical world only indirectly through sensations 2. in order to make sense of our sensations we invent terms, concept, and theories that give them meaning
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Fictions: Vaihinger |
-fictions make all of civilized life possible -although lives are figments of imagination, they have great practical value -include: laws, generalizations, abstractions, models, theories, typologies, concepts, ideals, symbols, ideas, and words |
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Fictional Goals and Lifestyles |
-child's perception of major events determines worldview, not reality
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Fictional Finalism |
- fictional future goal to which a person aspires - this goal is the end to which the person os aspiring and his or her lifestyle is the means to that end -convenient fictions invented to make life more significant |
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Lifestyle |
the primary means by which one attempts to attain his or her self-crest or fictional goals in life |
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Social Interest |
an innate need of all humans to live in harmony and friendship with others and to aspire to ward the development of the perfect society |
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3 major problems in life |
1. occupational tasks- constructive work to help society 2. societal tasks- cooperation with other humans 3. love and marriage tasks- relationship and continuance of society |
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Mistaken Lifestyle |
any lifestyle that is not aimed at socially useful goals
ex. superiority complex, and inferiority complex |
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Ruling-Dominant |
attempts to dominate people |
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Getting-Learning |
expects everything from others and gets everything they want from them |
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Avoiding Type |
"succeeds" in life by avoiding problems |
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Socially Useful |
confronts problems and attempts to solve them in a socially useful way |
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3 Faulty lifestyles from childhood conditions |
physical inferiority pampering neglecting |
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Physical Inferiority |
stimulate compensation or overcompensation which is healthy or can result in an inferiority complex |
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Spoiling/Pampering |
makes child believe it is up to others to satisfy his or her every need -causes oedipus complex |
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Neglecting |
causes the child to feel worthless and angry and to look on everyone with distrust |
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Creative Self |
humans are not simply passive recipients of environmental or genetic influences. rather, each person is free to act on these influences and combine them as he or she wishes -no 2 people are the same -personality is self created |
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Safeguarding Strategies |
neurotics protect self-esteem and illusions of superiority a mistaken lifestyle can generate
e.i. excuses, aggression, distancing |
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Excuses |
protect weak sense of worth and deceive neurotics |
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Agression |
protect exaggerated sense of superiority and self-esteem -3 forms: depreciation, self-accusation, accusation |
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Depreciation |
tendency to overvalue ones own accomplishment and to undervalue the accomplishment of others
-Idealization- high standards that no real person could live up to -Solicitude- incapable of caring for oneself |
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Accusation |
tendency to blame others for their shortcomings and to seek revenge against them |
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Self-accusation |
hurt yourself to hurt others |
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Distancing |
moving backward, standing still, hesitating, constructing obstacles, experiencing anxiety, and using the exclusion tendency |
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Moving Backwards |
reverting to more secure, less complicated time of life |
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Standing Still |
prevent moving closer to reality -insomnia, weak memory, masturbation, and impotence |
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Hesitating |
vacillating when faced with difficult problems |
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Constructing Obstacles |
creates distance that might be successfully overcome or distancing removes the neurotic from the problems of life |
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Experiencing Anxiety |
the attempt to distance yourself from yourself |
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Exclusion Tendency |
confines themselves to the circumstances they feel they can dominate |
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Adler's View of the Unconscious |
-compatibility with ones personality determined the difference between conscious and unconscious -we can only be conscious to the experiences that make sense to us |
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First-Born Child |
-the focus of attention -2nd child seen as dethroning -rivalry for parents attention -understands the importance of power |
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Second-Born Child |
-extremely ambitious because constantly attempting to catch up and surpass older sibling -mos fortunate -rarely able to endure the strict leadership of others |
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Youngest Child |
-2nd worst position after first born -most likely to seek a unique identity |
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Only Child |
-like first born who is never dethroned -shock comes later when they realize they are not center of attention -exaggerated sense of superiority and a sense that the world is a dangerous place -likely to develop poor social interactions and display parasite attitude |
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First Memories |
-earliest recollections of of infancy or childhood -represent subjective point in life -accuracy is irrelevant -interpretation of experience shapes worldview |
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Adler Dream Analysis |
- dreams are always expressions of ones lifestyle and must be consistent to it - offer emotional support for mistaken lifestyles - self deceptive and unhealthy - healthy= little/no dreams |
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Fraternal Birth Order Effect (FBO) |
finding that the more older brothers a male child has, the more likely he is to be homosexual |
