Personality And Abnormal Psychology

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Structuralism

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School of Psychology: Titchener

Breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection.

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Functionalism

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School of Psychology: James, Dewey

Stream of consciousness; studies how mind functions to help people adapt to environment; attacked structuralism

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Behaviorism

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School of Psychology: Watson, Skinner

Psychology as objective study of behavior; attacked mentalism and the use of introspection; attacked structuralism and functionalism

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Gestalt Psychology

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School of Psychology: Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka

Whole is something other than the sum of its parts; attacked structuralism and behaviorism

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Cognitivism

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School of Psychology: Chomsky

Behaviorism is not an adequate explanation for human behavior; humans think, believe, are creative

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Psychoanalysis

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School of Psychology: Freud, Jung, Adler

Behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression, defense mechanisms

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Humanism

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School of Psychology: Maslow, Rogers

Looks at people as wholes; humans have free will; psychologists should study mentally healthy people, not just mentally ill/maladjusted ones

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Systems Psychology

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School of Psychology: Barker, Bateson

Human behavior must be considered within the context of complex systems. Applications include organizational psychology and family therapy

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Alfred Adler

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Psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of inferiority complex. Other Adlerian concepts include: creative self, style of life, and fictional finalism.

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Gordon Allport

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Trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality. Cardinal, central, and secondary traits.

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Albert Bandura

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Behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag ("Bobo" doll)

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Sandra Bem

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Suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny

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Raymond Cattell

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Trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality. 16 basic personality traits

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Dollard and Miller

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Behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts

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Erik Erikson

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Ego psychologist whose psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan

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Hans J. Eysenck

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Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism

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Anna Freud

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Founder of ego psychology

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Sigmund Freud

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Originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Developed psychoanalysis

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Karen Horney

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Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from. Also described ten neurotic needs and basic anxiety.

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Carl Jung

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Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes (persona, anima, animus, shadow) being in the collective unconscious. MBTI based on his typology.

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George Kelly

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Based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"

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Object Relations Theorists

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Otto Kernberg, Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler, and D. W. Winnicott

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Kurt Lewin

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Phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory

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Abraham Maslow

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Phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization

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David McClelland

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Studied need for achievement (N-Ach)

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Walter Mischel

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Critic of trait theories of personality

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Carl Rogers

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Phenomenological personality theorist. Developed client-centered therapy, a therapy that was based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard

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Julian Rotter

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Studied locus of control

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William Sheldon

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Attempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type

Endomorphy - soft and spherical

Mesomorphy - hard, muscular, rectangular

Ectomorphy - thin, fragile, lightly muscled

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B. F. Skinner

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Behaviorist

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Herman Witkin

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Studied field dependence and field independence using the rod-and-frame test

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Aaron Beck

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Cognitive behavior therapist know for this therapy for depression

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Eugen Bleuler

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Coined the term schizophrenia

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Dorothea Dix

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19th Century American advocate of asylum reform

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Albert Ellis

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Cognitive behavior therapist know for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)

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Emil Kraepelin

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Developed system in 19th century for classifying mental disorders; DSM-5 can be considered to be a descendant of this system

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Philippe Pinel

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Reformed French asylums in late 18th century

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David Rosenhan

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Investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals

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Martin Seligman

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Formulated learned helplessness theory of depression

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Thomas Szasz

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Suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote The Myth of Mental Illness

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Repression

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A defense mechanism that refers to the unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories.

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Suppression

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A defense mechanism that refers to a deliberate, conscious form of forgetting.

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Projection

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A defense mechanism that refers to when a person attributes his forbidden urges to others.

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Reaction Formation

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A defense mechanism that refers to when a repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite.

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Rationalization

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A defense mechanism that refers to the process of developing socially acceptable explanations for inappropriate behavior or thoughts.

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Regression

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A defense mechanism that refers to a person who reverts to an earlier mode of satisfaction.

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Sublimation

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A defense mechanism that refers to the process of transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors.

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Displacement

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A defense mechanism that refers to the pent-up feelings discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects and people causing the feelings.

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Psychoanalysis

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Key terms: free association, dream interpretation, resistance, transference, countertransference

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ADHD

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Neurodevelopmental disorder. A disorder characterized by developmentally atypical inattention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity

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Autism

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Neurodevelopmental disorder. A disorder whose essential features are lack of responsiveness to other people, gross impairment in communication skills, and behaviors and interests that are repetitive, inflexibly routined, and stereotyped

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Tourette's Disorder

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Neurodevelopmental disorder. A disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics.

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Schizophrenia

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A disorder characterized by any or all of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, inappropriate affect, catatonic behavior.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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A mood disorder characterized by at least a 2-week period during which there is a prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities.

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Bipolar Disorder

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A mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania.

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Anxiety Disorders

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Including specific phobias, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, etc.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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A disorder characterized by repeated obsessions and/or compulsions that cause significant impairment in a person's life.

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PTSD

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Sufferers typically relive the traumatic event through flashbacks or nightmares and often display hypervigilance and depressed mood.

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Somatoform Disorders

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Disorders that are characterized by the presence of physical symptoms not fully explained by a medical condition. Includes conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder.

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Dissociative Disorders

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Disorders characterized by an avoidance of stress by escaping from personality identity. Includes dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder.

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Eating Disorders

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Includes anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa...

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Personality Disorders

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A pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control. Types include schizoid, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

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A framework explaining the causes of mental disorders as an interaction between biological causal factors (a predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder) and psychological causal factors (excessive stress).