Personality

Front 1

personality

Back 1

set of psychological traits and mechanisms that are organized and relatively enduring

Front 2

distinctiveness

Back 2

how individuals differ from each other

Front 3

consistency

Back 3

the idea that people will behave similarly across situations

Front 4

major perspectives

Back 4

1. behaviour + social learning theory

2. psychoanalytic theory

3. humanistic model

4. trait model

5. biological perspectives

Front 5

behaviourism

Back 5

a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

Front 6

free will

Back 6

people are free to choose their own behaviour

Front 7

determinism

Back 7

all events are caused by preceding events, people have no real ability to make choices

Front 8

radical behaviourist

Back 8

behaviour is fully determined by behaviour

Front 9

B.F. Skinner

Back 9

viewed personality as a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations

Front 10

response tendencies

Back 10

stable and consistent patterns of behaviour that people have acquired through experience

- each stimulus situation may be associated with a number of response tendencies

- we build up a set of RT for different situations

- very in strength depending on past conditioning

Front 11

reciprocal determinism

Back 11

internal mental events, external environmental events, overt behaviour all influence each other

Front 12

basic processes of learning

Back 12

1. attention

2. retention

3. reproduction

4. motivation

Front 13

attention

Back 13

pay attention to a particular person's behaviour

Front 14

retention

Back 14

we need to remember these behavioural features

Front 15

reproduction

Back 15

aim to replicate behaviour

Front 16

motivation

Back 16

we must be motivated to replicate behaviour

Front 17

sigmund freud

Back 17

father of psychoanalysis

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case of anna o.

Back 18

diagnosed with hysteria - Freud claimed illness as a result of resentment over father's illness and death

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conscious

Back 19

contains thoughts, feelings, images you are presently aware of

Front 20

preconscious

Back 20

contains info you are not presently thinking about, but can be easily retrieved

Front 21

unconscious

Back 21

part of the mind holding thoughts and memories about which a person is unaware (slips of the tongue, dreams, psychoanalysis

Front 22

instincts

Back 22

strong innate forced that provide all the nergy in the psychic system; primary motives of human behaviour

Front 23

libido

Back 23

-life instinct

-self-preservation

-sexual instincts

Front 24

thanatos

Back 24

-death instinct

-self-destruction

-aggression/violence

Front 25

psychoanalytic theory

Back 25

people coping with sexual and aggressive instincts within the constraints of civilized society

Front 26

structure of personality

Back 26

one part of the mind creates these urges, another part has a sense of what society expects, another part tries to satisfy urges within reality and society

Front 27

id

Back 27

-primitive

-pleasure principle

-primary process of thinking

-wish fulfllment

Front 28

ego

Back 28

-contains id to reality

-2-3 years of life

-reality principle

-secondary process thinking

Front 29

superego

Back 29

-internalizes

-conscience

-emotion of guilt

Front 30

conflict

Back 30

-our lives are in a constant negotiation of opposing impulses

Front 31

anxiety

Back 31

unpleasant state that signals that things are not right and something must be done

Front 32

objective anxiety

Back 32

real, external threat

Front 33

neurotic anxiety

Back 33

ego feels overwhelmed by id

Front 34

moral anxiety

Back 34

conflict between ego and superego

Front 35

repression

Back 35

keeping traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious

Front 36

denial

Back 36

convincing something didn't happen/isn't so bad

Front 37

displacement

Back 37

redirect emotions from source to another target

Front 38

rationalization

Back 38

generating logical reasons for poor behaviour

Front 39

reaction formation

Back 39

display of exact opposite behaviours

Front 40

regression

Back 40

reverting to immature patterns of behaviour

Front 41

projection

Back 41

projecting own thoughts, feelings, motives onto others

Front 42

sublimation

Back 42

converting unacceptable desires onto acceptable behaviours

Front 43

psychosexual stages

Back 43

freud argued all people pass through stages in personality development, where children must face and resolve conflict in each of the first 3 stages

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oral stage

Back 44

main source of pleasure and tension reduction are mouth/lips/tongue

- key conflict is weaning

Front 45

anal stage

Back 45

child obtains pleasure from expelling feces and retaining feces

- key conflict is self-control

Front 46

phallic stage

Back 46

child discovers he has (or she doesn't have) a penis

- penis envy

Front 47

latency stage

Back 47

little psychological development

-focus on learning skills to develop as an adult

Front 48

genital stage

Back 48

focused on genitals (of others) (relationships)

have previous conflicts been resolved?

YES: mature romantic relationship

NO: difficulties with intimate relationships

Front 49

criticisms of Freud

Back 49

-unfalsifiable

-not generalizable

-not predictive

-unconscious?

Front 50

the milgram study and key factors

Back 50

learner, experimenter, teacher, shocks

1. psychological distance between teacher and experimenter

2. psychological/physical distance between teacher and learner

3. credibility of experimenter

Front 51

humanism

Back 51

a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially free will and potential for personal growth

Front 52

a phenomenological approach

Back 52

personal subjective experiences are needed to understand behaviour

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Abraham Maslow

Back 53

stressed importance of focusing on positive qualities of people

-personality is shaped by a person's current and past history of need satisfaction

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self-actualization

Back 54

final level of psychological development, achieved only when all basic and mental needs are fulfilled and full potential dominates the individual

Front 55

peak experience

Back 55

a kind of transpersonal and ecstatic state, particularly one tinged with themes of euphoria, harmonization, deep meaning, interconnectedness

Front 56

criticisms of maslow

Back 56

1. not testable, limited empirical evidence

2. how does it fit with evolutionary perspective?

3. little evidence for hierarchy or specific order

4. may be gender-biased

Front 57

carl rogers

Back 57

people are intrinsically good

Front 58

3 keys to personality

Back 58

1. self concept

2. need for positive regard

3. conditions of worth

Front 59

congruence

Back 59

self-concept meshes with actual experience

(unconditional love)

Front 60

incongruence

Back 60

self concept does not mesh with actual experience

(conditional love)