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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was Skinner's approach called?
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Behavioral Approach
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What did Skinner attempt to account for in his theory?
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attempted to account for ALL behavior, not just personality
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Skinner argued that psychologists must restrict their investigations to what?
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Facts. To what they can see, manipulate, and measure in the laboratory.
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What is the fundamental idea of Skinner's theory?
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Behavior can be controlled by its consequences, aka by what follows the behavior
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What were the two types of behavior that Skinner distinguished between?
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Respondent behavior- involves a response made to or by a stimulus (reflex). This is because behavior is unlearned, occurs automatically and involuntarily.
Operant behavior - operates on and changes the environment |
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Skinner: What is the learning called in respondent behavior?
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Conditioning.
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Skinner: What is reinforcement?
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-the act of strengthening a response by adding a reward, increasing chances that response will be repeated.
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Respondent behavior depends on __________ and is related directly to a ______ ______. Operant behavior ________ ______ the environment, and as a result, _________ it.
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Respondent behavior depends on REINFORCEMENT and is related directly to a PHYSICAL STIMULUS. Operant behavior OPERATES ON the environment, and as a result, CHANGES it.
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What is the Skinner Box?
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Place food-deprived rat in box. It's behavior is spontaneous and random. Eventually, rat presses a lever on one wall, causing a food pellet to drop. The rat begins pressing the lever more often (food is reinforcer)
Withholding the food extinguishes operant behavior. |
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What are Skinner's 4 schedules of reinforcement?
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1. Fixed-interval schedule
-timing of reinforcement has nothing to do with number of responses. i.e. job w/ salary paid weekly, midterm/final exam 2. Fixed-ratio schedule -reinforcers only after organism has made specified number of responses. i.e. frequent flyers, x miles = free flight 3. Variable-interval schedule -reinforcer follows no time. i.e, fishing...1 fish after 2 hours, another after 5, another after 2. 4. Variable-ratio schedule -based on avg number of responses between reinforcers. i.e, slot machines, gambling |
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Skinner: What is successive approximation/shaping?
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aka babysteps. organism is reinforced as its behavior comes in successive stages to approximate the final desired behavior
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Skinner: What is superstitious behavior?
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Reinforced accidentally after displaying same behavior. As a result, the behavior may be repeated although it did not cause the reinforcement. i.e. lucky pencil
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According to Skinner, behavior is controlled and modified by variables that are _____ to the organism.
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external
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What is self-administered satiation? (Skinner)
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-we exert control to cure ourselves of bad habits by overdoing the behavior
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What is the aversive stimulation technique?
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painful; involves unpleasant consequences. declaring desire to lose weight to friends.
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What are behavior modification programs?
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form of therapy that applies reinforcement to bring desired changes. behavior may get worse before getting better. focus is on changing overt behavior.
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Which of the following did Skinner believe were useful in changing undesirable behavior?
a. Positive Reinforcement b. Negative Reinforcement c. Positive Punishment d. Negative Punishment |
a and b
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What is a negative reinforcer?
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an aversive stimulus, that the removal of is rewarding and will strengthen or increase the response.
The punishment would be the application of an aversive stimulus following a response in an effort to decrease the likelihood that the response will recur. Reinforcer = removal of aversive stimulus Punishment = application of aversive stimulus |
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How did Skinner assess behavior?
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1. Direct observation. Frequency of undesirable behaviors, determined in the direct observation, provides baseline to compare to during/after treatment.
2. Self-reports of behavior. in sample approach, questionnaire responses are interpreted as directly indicative of a sample behavior. 3. Physiological measurements of behavior. -heart rate, muscle tension, brain waves. |
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Did Skinner prefer the idiographic approach or the nomothetic approach?
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Idiographic approach.
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What is Skinner's ABA design?
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called the reversal experimental design
A= baseline B= change in exp group A= baseline (sometimes ABAB too) |
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Skinner: Animals display a tendency toward ____ ___ by substituting ___ ___ for the behaviors that have been reinforced
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Skinner: Animals display a tendency toward INSTINCTIVE DRIFT by substituting INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIORS for the behaviors that have been reinforced
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Respondent = ?
Operant = ? |
Respondent = Pavlov
Operant = Skinner |
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What subjects did Skinner use in his studies?
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Mainly pigeons and rats.
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What is Albert Bandura's approach called?
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social learning theory, modeling theory
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What was Bandura's famous study using modeling?
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The Bobo doll studies. had children view adults (children too) show aggression, hit, kick, yell at Bobo doll. Children modeled the same behavior on the doll after seeing this.
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Bandura: What are the three important characteristics of the modeling situation?
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1. Characteristics of the model.
-may be more influenced by someone more similar to us. age, sex, status, prestige. type of behavior model performs also affects the extent of the imitation. 2. Characteristics of the observers. -low self-esteem/confidence people are much more likely to imitate models behavior 3. The reward consequences associated w/ the behaviors -seeing a model receive a reward/punishment affects imitation |
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Bandura: What are the four related mechanisms that observational learning is governed by?
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1. Attentional Processes: observational learning will not occur unless the subject pays attention to model
2. Retention processes: must retain information about model's behavior in the imaginal system and the verbal representation system 3. Production processes: aka practice; translating imaginal and verbal representations into overt behavior 4. Incentive and motivational processes: incentive to learn influenced by anticipation of reinforcement/punishment for doing so. not required for learning, but can assist. |
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Bandura: What is self-reinforcement?
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requires internal standards of performance, criteria to compare our behavior to. people who set unrealistically high expectations, may continue to try and meet these despite repeated failures.
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Bandura: What is self-efficacy?
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aka. believing you can. refers to feelings of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in life. people low in self-efficacy feel helpless.
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What are some sources of information about self-efficacy?
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1. performance attainment
-previous successful experiences 2. vicarious experiences -seeing other people perform successfully 3. verbal persuasion -reminding people they possess ability to achieve what they want 4. physiological and emotional arousal -how fearful/calm do we feel in stressful situation? more likely to believe we can master a problem if we are not agitated/headaches |
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What is Bandura's stance on unconscious conflicts?
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He does not attempt to deal with underlying unconscious conflicts.
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Bandura: What is reciprocal determinism?
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-behavior is controlled by the person through the cognitive processes, and by the environment through external and social situations
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What is Julian Rotter most known for?
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Lotus of Control
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Rotter: What is the difference between the external and internal locus of control?
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Internal locus of control personalities believe that the reinforcement they receive is under the control of their own behaviors and attributes
External locus of control personalities think that other people, fate, or luck controls the rewards they receive. |
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What are the assessments for locus of control?
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Internal-External Scale by Rotter
also Children's Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale |
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Rotter- Are internal or external oriented people more likely to be physically healthier? What about become alcoholics?
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Internal - physically healthier, less likely to become alcoholics
External - more likely to become alcoholics |
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Rotter: What are the 4 aspects of locus control as relates to physical health?
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1. Self-mastery
2. Illness prevention 3. Illness management 4. Self-blame |
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What is Marvin Zuckerman most famous for?
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Sensation Seeking
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What is sensation seeking?
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A desire for varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experience, and the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experience.
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Zuckerman: What is the assessment of sensation seeking called?
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SSS - sensation seeking scale
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Zuckerman. What are the 4 components of sensation seeking?
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Thrill and adventure seeking - desire to engage in physical activities involving speed, danger, defiance of gravity
Experience seeking - search for novel experiences Disinhibition - need to seek release in uninhibited social situations Boredom susceptibility - aversion to repetitive experiences |
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What is Martin Seligman most famous for?
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Learned helplessness, positive psychology, explanatory style, attributional theory
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Seligman: what is learned helplessness?
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-study with dogs in a harness, dogs receive a shock and cannot escape. then, they take the harness away and the dogs receive a shock again. they stop attempting to escape
also, study with rats injected with tumor, 50% chance to reject it. control group, 50% rejected, 70% of rats that received a shock but could escape rejected tumor, only 27% of rats in learned helplessness group that could not escape shock rejected tumor. (repeated measures) |
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Seligman: It's not only the lack of control under conditions of learned helplessness that affect our health, but also what?
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How we explain this lack of control.
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What are Seligman's two explanatory styles?
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Optimistic explanatory style - prevents helplessness
Pessimistic explanatory style - spreads helplessness to all facets of life |
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Seligman: At what age is a consistent explanatory style developed and what is it strongly affected by?
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by age 8, strongly affected by parents explanatory style
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Seligman: What is positive psychology?
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-deals w/ happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning....aka subjective well-being.
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What can diminish happiness (Seligman)
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the absence of good health can diminish happiness
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