Personality

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Personality

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is the unique pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings, and actions that characterize a person

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Psychodynamic Approach to Personality

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Basic tenets:
-Constant struggle between desire to meet biological urges and realities of living
-Unconscious processes influence behavior

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Personality Structure: ID

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-The unconscious portion of personality where the eros and thanatos instincts reside
-operates on the pleasure principle

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Personality Structure: Ego

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-Portion of personality responsible for satisfying the demands of the Id
-operates on reality principle

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Personality Structure: Superego

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-Portion of personality that dictates what one should and should not do

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Defense Mechanism: Repression

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Unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness

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Defense Mechanism: Rationalization

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Making actions or mistakes seem reasonable

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Defense Mechanism: Denial

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Simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses

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Defense Mechanism: Projection

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Unconsciously attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person

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Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation

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Defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them

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Defense Mechanism: Sublimation

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Converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions, and perhaps symbolically expressing them
-only adaptive way of defending self

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Defense Mechanism: Displacement

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Discharging an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one

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Defense Mechanism: Compensation

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Striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears

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Psychosexual Stage 1: Oral Stage

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-Mouth is center of pleasure
-Personality problems arise when oral needs are either neglected or overindulged

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Psychosexual Stage 2: Anal Stage

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-Toilet training clashes with instinctual pleasure in having bowel movements at will
-Child’s ego develops to cope with parental demands for socially appropriate behavior
-Toilet training that is too harsh or starts to early or too late can lead to anal fixation

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Psychosexual Stage 3: Phallic Stage
-between 3 & 5 yrs.

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-Focus of pleasure shifts to the genital region
-->Boys realize they're boys and vice versa
-Boys experience the Oedipus complex
-Girls experience the Electra complex

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Psychosexual Stage 4: Latency Period

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sexual impulses stay in background

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Psychosexual Stage 5: Genital Stage

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Sexual impulses reappear at conscious level; genitals are again the focus of sexual pleasure
-lasts until death

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Type Theory

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Hippocrates -- A certain temperament is associated with each of the four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-One’s personality type depends on how much of each humor a person has
-Thus, people fit into a few distinct, mutually exclusive categories

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Trait Theory

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People have the same traits, but in different amounts

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Central Traits

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characteristics that are apparent to others and organize and control behavior in many different situations

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Secondary Traits

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traits that are more specific to certain situations and control far less behavior

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Social-Cognitive Approach

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Basic Tenets:
-Characteristics of individuals are acquired through learning
-Emphasizes the influence of social situations on personality

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A Big 5 Personality Trait: Openness to Experience

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Artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, wide interests, unusual thought processes, intellectual interests

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A Big 5 Personality Trait: Conscientiousness

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Efficient, organized, makes plans, reliable, thorough, dependable, ethical, productive

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A Big 5 Personality Trait: Extraversion

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Active, assertive, energetic, outgoing, talkative, gesturally expressive, gregarious

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A Big 5 Personality Trait: Agreeableness

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Appreciative, forgiving, generous, kind, trusting, noncritical, warm, compassionate, considerate, straightforward

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A Big 5 Personality Trait: Neuroticism

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anxious, self-pitying, tense, emotionally unstable, impulsive, vulnerable, touchy, worrying

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Rotter's Expectancy Theory

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-to explain why people do things
-a person's decision to undertake an action is based upon what they expect to follow and how valuable the outcome based upon that expectation is

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Internals: one of Rotter's categories

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believe what they achieve is due to efforts they make themselves

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Externals: one of Rotter's categories

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expect external forces to control them and believe they have no control and that success is due to chance or luck

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Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism

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suggests that cognitions, behavior, and the environment are constantly affecting one another

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Perceived self-efficacy

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is the learned expectation of success: the belief that you can successfully perform a certain behavior

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Humanistic/Phenomenological Approach

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Each individual’s unique phenomenology, or way of perceiving and interpreting the world, shapes personality and guides behavior

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Actualizing Tendency

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Behavior is motivated mainly by an innate drive toward growth

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Roger's Self Theory

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Personality is shaped by BOTH the actualizing tendency AND by others’ evaluations of us

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Roger's Self Theory: Positive Regard

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other people’s approval of us affects our self concept (how we think of ourselves)

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Roger's Self Theory: Congruence

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When others’ evaluations agree with your own, you perceive the self as “good”; if this doesn’t happen you suppress your genuine feelings and experience incongruence

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Roger's Self Theory: Conditions of Worth

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suggestion that our value as a person depends on if we display the “right behaviors"

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Maslow's Growth Theory

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most people are controlled by a deficiency orientation
-focus on what they don't have instead of what they do have
-people w/ growth orientation do not focus on what is missing, but draw satisfaction from what they have or can do