Personality

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Personality

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Unique pattern of consistent feelings/thoughts/behaviors

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Idiographic Method

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Focuses on understanding the unique aspects of each individual’s personality

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Nomothetic Method

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Focuses on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships between different aspects of personality

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Temperament

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Infant’s natural disposition

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Conscious

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Everything that we are aware of at a particular moment

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Preconscious

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Contains thoughts, memories, feelings, and images that we can easily recall

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Unconscious

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Wishes, impulses, memories, feelings

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Id

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Guided by the pleasure principle, driven by instincts, irrational, self-centered; unconscious

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Ego

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Mediates between instinctual needs and conditions of surrounding environment; unconscious and conscious

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Superego

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Punishes us by guilt, rewards with pride; conscience and ego-ideal

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Defense Mechanisms

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Measure taken to relieve anxiety/stress; unconsciously deny/distort reality

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Repression

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Pushing away of threatening thoughts/feelings

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Regression

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Retreat to an earlier level of development; immature behavior

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Rationalization

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Offering socially acceptable reasons for inappropriate behavior

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Projection

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Attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others

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Displacement

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Shifting unacceptable thoughts from a more threatening person to a less threatening person

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Reaction Formation

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Acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings

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Sublimination

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Redirection of unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors

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Oral Stage

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Stage 1 of psychosexual development; Infant gains pleasure from its mouth by sucking/biting/chewing

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Anal Stage

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Stage 2; Child obtains pleasure from defecation

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Phallic Stage

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Stage 3; Stimulation of the genitals becomes a source of pleasure

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Latency Stage/Period

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Transform repressed sexual energy into developing social relationships/learning

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Genital Stage

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Adolescent develops feelings for others/sexual attraction

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Personal unconscious

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Storehouse of all memories, hidden instincts, and urges unique to us

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Collective Unconscious

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Powerful and influential system of the psyche that contains universal memories/ideas inherited from ancestors

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Archetypes

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Common themes found in all cultures/religions/literature

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Individuation

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Psychological process by which a person becomes an individual

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Self-Actualization

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Reaching towards the best person we can be

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Self

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Organized, consistent set of beliefs an perceptions about ourselves

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Unconditional positive regard

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Born with need to be loved and accepted

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Ideal Self

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What we think society wants

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Fully-Functioning

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Self-actualization

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Personal Constructs

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Trying to make sense of the world

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Reciprocal determinism

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Characteristics of the person, person’s behavior, and environment all affect one another in two-way causal relationships

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Self-Efficacy

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Belief that we can perform behaviors necessary to accomplishing tasks

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Individualism

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Identifying ourself in terms of personal traits with independent, personal goals

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Collectivism

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Primary identification of an individual as a member of a group

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Collective Efficacy

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Belief that our group with achieve desired outcome

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Locus of control

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The degree of which we expect that a reinforcement or outcome of our behavior

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Behavioral Signatures

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Consistent ways of responding in similar situations that characterize our personality

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Trait

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Relatively permanent characteristic of our personality

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Cardinal Trait

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Defining Characteristic in a small number of us, that dominates and shapes all of our behavior Ex. Altruism

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Central Trait

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General characteristic, which shape much of our behavior. Ex. Cheerfulness

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Factor Analysis

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Statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items

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Extroversion

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Measures our sociability and tendency to pay attention to the external environment

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Neuroticism

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Measures level of instability

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Psychoticism

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Measures our level of tough-mindedness

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Face Traits

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Visible areas of personality

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Source Traits

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Underlying personality characteristics

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Halo-effect

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Tendency to generalize a favorable impression to unrelated dimensions of the subjects personality

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Hawthorn Effect

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People change their behavior to what they think the observer expects

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Projective Personality Tests

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Subject will project their unconscious feelings onto the stimuli

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Self-report methods

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Subject will project their unconscious feelings onto the stimuli

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Self-report methods

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Having a subject answer questions about themselves

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Self-Esteem

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How we evaluate ourselves