Personality

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Personality

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an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

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Personality inventories

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性格テスト

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Self-reports

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a series of answers to questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which set of statements or adjectives accurately descrive their own behavior or mental state

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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

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a well-researched, clinical questionnaire that used to assess personality and psychological problems

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MMPI-2

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a clinical questionnaire that have 10 scales measure range of behaviors

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Projective techniques

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see strange pictures and interpret or make up story etc. in order to find the point you focus on

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Rorshach Inkblot Test

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a projective techniques that study individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstrustured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feeling and interpret his or her personality structure

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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a projective techniques by which respondents reveral underlying motives, concerns and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

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Traits

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a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular an consistent way

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Hierarchical structure of traits

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one thing (core traits) can describe a lot of other behavior
=core traits can predict behavior

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Introverted vs. Extroverted

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one of the two main dimensions in Eysenck's factor analysis

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Emotional vs. Stable

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one of the two main dimensions in Eysenck's factor analysis

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The big five

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the "major" factors that seem to classify the personalities of most people

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Extroversion

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one of the big five
ex) social vs. retiring
fun loving vs. sober
adectionate vs. reserved

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Agreeableness

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one of the big five
ex)softhearted vs. ruthless
trusting vs. suspicious
helpful vs. uncooperative

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Conscientiousness

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one of the big five
ex) organized vs. disorganized
careful vs. careless
self-disciplined vs. weak-willed

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Neuroticism

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one of the big five
ex) worried vs. calm
insecure vs. secure
self-pitying vs. self-satisfied

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Openness to experience

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one of the big five
ex) imaginative vs. down-to-earth
variety vs. routine
independent vs. conforming

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Reticular formation
網様体

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extraverts may not be as easily stimulated it as that of introverts

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Behavioral activation system (BAS)

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行動賦活系

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Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

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行動抑制系

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Psychodynamic approach

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an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, striving, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness
- motives that can also produce emotional disorders

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Freudian slips

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saying something but meaning something elese

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Dynamic unconscious

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an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces

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ID

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one of the three main factors in psychodynamic approach which present at birth:
pleasure principle/the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

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Pleasure principle

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the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse

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Ego

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one of the three main factors in psychodynamic approach acquired through contact with reality:
reality principle that enables us to deal with life's practical demands

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Reality principle

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the redulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world

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Superego

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one of the three main factors in psychodynamic approach learned from caregivers/voice of your conscious:
morality principle/the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

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Anxiety

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a driving force which comes from negotication of Ego and Superego

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Defense mechanisms

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unconscious coping mechanism that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

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Projection
投影

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one of defence mechanisms:
attributing one's own unacknowledged unacceptable/ unwanted thoughts and emotions to another

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Regression
退行

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one of defense mechanisms:
temporary reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development

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Displacement
置き換え

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one of defense mechanisms:
redirecting emotion to a safer outlet

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Rationalization
合理化

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one of defense mechanisms:
supplying reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feeling and behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feeling

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Reaction formation
反動形成

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unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of theri opposite

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Identification
同一化

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enables us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope

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Sublimation
昇華

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channeling unacceptable sexual or aggresive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities

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Psychosexual stages

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personality formed by age 6 though crucial experiences/ personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body area and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures

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Fixation

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source of mental illness
not able to advance though it
: a phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage

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Oedipus conflict

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children develop sexual feeling toward theri opposite gender parents

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Oral stage

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the 1st psychosexual stage:
experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, suking and being fed

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Anal stage

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the 2nd psychosexual stage:
dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and explusion of feces and urine, and toilet training

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Phallic stage

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the 3rd psychosexual stage:
dominated by the pleasure, conflict and frustrations associated with the phallic-general region as well as powerful incestuous feeling of love, hate, jealousy and conflict

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Latency stage

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the 4th psychosexual stage:
the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

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Genital stage

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the 5th psychosexyal stage:
a time fro the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in amutually satidfying and reciprocal manner

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Existential approach

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a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

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Self-actualizing tendency

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the human motive toward realizing our inner potential

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Unconditional positive regard

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an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward others

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Existential dread

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ex) if I can think about life, I realize I will die someday!

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Mortality salience

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making people think about death
=worldview defense

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Social cognitive approach

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an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

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Person-situation controversy

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the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

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Personal constructs

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dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
=key to personality differences (by Kelly)

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Outcome expectancies

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a person's assumptions about likely consequences of a future behavior

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Locus of control

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a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

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Self-concept

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a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics

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Self-esteem

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the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

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Self-verification

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prefer and seek "consistent" feedback
people's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures