Personality

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personality

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an individual's characteristic style of behaving thinking and feeling

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trait

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a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

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Big 5

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the traits of a five-factor model conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion

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Hans Eysenck

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postulated that extraversion is the most relevant to neurophysiological mechanisms; variations in alertness

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Jeffrey Gray

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proposed 2 systems responsible for extraversion and neuroticism

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psychodynamic approach

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regards personality as formed by needs, striving, and desires largely operating outside of awareness; discovered by Freud

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dynamic unconscious

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an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires and the person's inner struggle to control these forces

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Freud

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the mind consists of 3 independent systems that determine personality
Id Ego Superego

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id

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the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth the source of our bodily needs wants desires and impulses particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

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ego

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the component of personality developed through contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life's practical demands

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superego

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the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

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defense mechanisms

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unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

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rationalization

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supplying a reasonable sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feelings

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reaction formation

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unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite

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projection

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attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group

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regression

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the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development

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displacement

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shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative

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identification

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helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us to unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or able to cope

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sublimation

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channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities

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psychosexual stages

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distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas (erotogenic zone) and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures: fixation oral stage anal stage

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fixation

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a phenomenon in which a person’s pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage

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oral stage

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experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed

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anal stage

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experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training

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phallic stage

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experience centers on the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict

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oedipus conflict

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a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent are usually resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent

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latency stage

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primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

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genital stage

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a time for coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner

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humanistic psychologist

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emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature; goodness and potential for growth

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existentialist psychologists

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focus on the individual as responsible agent, negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death

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self actualizing tendency

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the human motive toward realizing our inner potential

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existential approach

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regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death; argued by Rollo May & Victor Frankl

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social cognitive approach

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an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

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person-situation controversy

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the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situation

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personal constructs

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dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

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outcome expectancies

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a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior combine with goals to produce characteristics style of behavior

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locus of control

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a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

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self concept

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a person's explicit knowledge of his or her won behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics

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self narrative

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is the story we tell about ourselves

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self-schemas

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traits to define ourselves

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sense of self

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is largely constructed through relationships with others

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self concept

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is stable and promotes consistency in behavior

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self verification

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the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self concept

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self esteem

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the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

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self serving bias

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peoples tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures to protect self esteem

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narcissism

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a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combines with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others