Personal & Social Development; Human Development Papalia

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Emotions

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Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

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Self-conscious emotions

Back 2

Emotions, such as smbarrassment, empathy, and envy that depend on self-awareness

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Self-awareness

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Realization that one's existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things

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Self-evaluative emotions

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Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially sccepted standars of behavior

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Empathy

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Ability to "put on self in another person's place"and feel what the other person feels

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Social Cognition

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Ability to understand that other people have mental states and to gauge their feelings and intentions

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Egocentrism

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Piaget's term for inability to consider another person's point of view; a characteristic of young children's thought

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Temperament

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Characterisitc disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations

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"Easy" children

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Children with a generally happy temperament, regualt biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences

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"Difficult" children

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Children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhyths, and a readiness to accept new experiences

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"Slow-to-warm up" children

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Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences

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Goodness of fit

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appropriateness of enviornmental demands and constraints to a child's temperament

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Gender-typing

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Socialization process by which children, at an early age, learn appropriate rolges

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Basic trust vs. basic mistrust

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Erikson's first crisis in psychosocial developmet, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects

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Attachment

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Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people, especially between infant and caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

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Strange situation

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laboratory technique used to study infant attachment

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Secure attachment

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Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver upon his or her return

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Avoident attachment

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Pattern in which an infant rarely criews when separated fromthe primary caregiver and avoids contactupon his or her return

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Ambivalent (resistant) attachment

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Pattern inwhich an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset duringhis or her absence, andboth seeks and resists contact onhis or her return.

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Disorganized-disoriented attachment

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pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory behaviors upon his or her return

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Stranger anxiety

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Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year

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Separation anxiety

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distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves

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Mutual regulation

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process by which infant and carevier communicate emotinoal states to each otherand respond appropriately

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"Still-face" paradign

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Research procedure used to measure mutual regulation in infants 2-9 months old

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Social referencing

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Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person's perception of it

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Self-concept

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sense ofself; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilites andtraits

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Self-efficacy

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Sense of one's own capability to master challenges and achieve goals

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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

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Erikson's second stage in psychosocial development, inwhich children achieve a blance between self-determination and control by others

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Socialization

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Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsbile, productive members of society

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Internalization

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During socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own

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Self-regulation

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A person's independent control of behavior to confromto understood social expectations

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Conscience

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Internal standards of behavior, whichusually control one's conduct and produce emotional discomft when violated

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Committed compliance

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Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses

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Situational compliance

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Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's ordersonly in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control

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Physical abuse

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Action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury

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Neglect

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Failure to meet a dependent's basic needs

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Sexual abuse

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Physically or psycholgically harmful sexual activity, or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person

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Emotional maltreatment

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Action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders

Front 39

Self-concept

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Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental pictureofone's abilites and traits

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Self-definiton

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Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself

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Single representations

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In neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definiton, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconncected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms.

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Real self

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the self one actually is.

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Ideal Self

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The self one would like to be.

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Representational mappings

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In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms

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Self-esteem

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The judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth

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Initiative vs. guilt

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Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservationsthat may prevent carrying them out

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Gender identity

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Awareness developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.

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Gender roles

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Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that culre considers appropriate for each sex; differs for males and females.

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Gender-typing

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Socialization process whereby children, at anearly age, learn appropriate gender roles

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gender stereotypes

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Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.

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Identification

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In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts charactersitics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors or the parent of the same sex.

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Gender constancy

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awareness that one will always be male or female.

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Gender-scheme theory

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Bem-- Children socialized themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information abotu what it means to be male or female in a particular culture

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Social cognitive theory

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Albert Bandura-- holds that children learn gender roles through socialization

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Functional play

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play involving repetitive muscular movements

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Constructive play

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play involving use of objects or materials to make something

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Pretend play

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play involving imaginary people or situations (fantasy/dramatic/imaginative play)

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Discipline

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Methods of molding children's character andof teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior

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Corporal punishment

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Useof physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control bheavior

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Power Assertion

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Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

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Inductive techniques

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disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing toa child's sense of reason and fairness

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Withdrawal of love

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Disciplinary strategy that involes ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.

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Psychological aggresion

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verbal attacks on a child by a parent that may result in psychological harm.

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Authoritarian

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In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.

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Permissive

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In Baumrind's teminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation

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Authoritative

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Baumrind-- parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values.

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Altruism

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Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward; may involves self-denial or self-sacrifice

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Prosocial behavior

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Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.

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Instrumental aggresstion

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Aggresttive behavior used asa means of achieving a goal.

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Hostile aggression

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Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person.

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Overt aggression

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Aggression that is openly directed at its target.

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Relational aggression

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Aggression aimed at damazing or interfering with another person's relationships, repuation, or psycholgical well-being; (indirect aggression)

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Representational systems

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In neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assesment of various aspects of the self.

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Industry vs. inferiority

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Erikson's 4th stage-- children must learn the productive skills their culture requires orelse face feelings of inferiority

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Coregulation

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Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation

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Open adoption

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Adoption in which the birth parents and the adoptive paretns know each other's identities andshare information or have direct contact

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Prejudice

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Unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups

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Instrumental aggression

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Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal

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Hostile aggression

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Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person

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Bullying

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Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless

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Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

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Pattern of behavior, persisiting into middle childhood marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance

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Conduct Disorder (CD)

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Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others

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School phobia

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Unrealistic fear of going to school

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Seperation anxiety disorder

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Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concering separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached

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Social Phobia

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extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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Anxiety not focused on any single target

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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anxiety aroused by repetive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors

Front 88

Childhood depression

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Mood disorder characterized by shich symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide

Front 89

Individual psychotherapy

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Psychological treatment inwhich a terapist sees a troubledperson one-on-one

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Family therapy

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Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning

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Behavior therapy

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therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undsired ones (behavior modification)

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Art therapy

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therapeutic approach that allowsa person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media

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Play therapy

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Therapeutic approach in which a child plays freely while a therapist observes and occasionally comments, asks questions, or makes suggestions

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Drug therapy

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Administration of drgus to treat emotional or psychological disorders

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Resilient children

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Children who weather adverse circumstances, function will despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

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Protective factors

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Influences that reduce the impactof early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes

Front 97

Identity

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Erikson-- a coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed

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Identitiy vs. Identity Confusion

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Erikson's 5th-- an adolescent seeksto develop a coherent sense of self, inclduing the role she orhe isto play in society

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Identitiy statuses

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Marcia-- states of ego development that depend on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment

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Identity achievement

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Identity status (Marcia) that is characterized by commitment to choices made following a crisis, a period spent in exploring alternatives

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Foreclosure

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Identity status (Marcia) in which a person who has not spent time considering altheratives is commited to other people's plans for his or her life

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Moratorium

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Identity status (Marcia) in which a person is currently considering alternatives (in crisis) and seems headed for commitment

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Identity diffusion

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Identity status (Marica) that is characterized by absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives

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Crisis

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Marica-- period of conscious decision making related to identity formation

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Commitment

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Marcia-- personal investment in an occpation or system of beliefs

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STDs

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Diseases spread by sexual contact

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Adolsecent rebellion

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Pattern of emotional turmoil, characterisitc of a minority of adolescents, which may involves conflict with family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior, and rejection of adult values

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Normative-stage models

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Theoretical models that describe pscyhosocial development in terms of a deinite sequence of age-related changes

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Timing-of-events model

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Theoretical model that describes adult psychosocial development as a response to the expectedorunexpectedoccurrence andtiming of important life events.

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Trait models

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theoretical models of personality development that focus on mental, emotional, temperamental, and behavioral traits or attributes

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Typological models

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theoretical models of personality development that identify broad personality types or styles

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Intimacy vs. isolation

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Erikson's 6th-- young adults either make commmitments to others or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption

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Life structure

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Levinson--underlying pattern of a person's life at a given time, built on whatever aspects of life the person finds most important

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Normative life events

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in the timing-of-events model, commonly expected life experiences that occur at customary times

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Social clock

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Set of cultural norms or epectations for the timesof life when certain important events, such as marriage, parenthood, entiry into work, and retirement should occur

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Five-factor model

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Theoretical model of personality (Costa and McCrae) based on the "big five"factors underlying clusters of related traits: neuroticism, extraversion, opennes to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeablesness.

Front 117

Ego-resiliency

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adaptability under potential sources of stress

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Ego-control

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self-control

Front 119

Triangular subtheory of love

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Sternberg-- patterns of love hinge on the balance among 3 elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment

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Cohabitation

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Status of anunmarried couple who live together and maintain a sexual relationship

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Individuation

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Jung-- emergence of the true self through balancing or integation of conflicting parts of the personality

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Generativity vs. stagnation

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Erikson's 7th-- in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the newxt generation or else experineces stangation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness)

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Generativity

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Erikson-- concern or mature adults for establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation

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Interiority

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Neugarten-- concern with inner life (introversion or introspection) which usually appears in middle age

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Midlife crisis

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In some normative-crisis models, stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaulation of one's past, typically occuring in the early to middle forties

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Midlife review

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Introspective examination that often occurs in middle age, leading to reappraisal and revision of values and priorities

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Identity process model

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Whitbourne-- identity development based on processes of assimilation and accomodation

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Idenitiy assimilation

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Whitbourne's tem for effot to fit new experience into an existing self-concept

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Identity accommodation

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Whitbourne-- adjusting the self-concept to fit new experience

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Identity style

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Whitbourne-- term for a characteristic way of confronting, interpreting, and responding to experience

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Gender crossover

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Gutmann-- reversal of gender roles after the end of active parenting

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Social convoy theory

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Theory (Kahn and Antonucci) that people move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate relationships on which they rely for assistance, well-being, and social support.

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Socioemotional selectivity theory

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Theory (Carstensen) that people select social contacts on the basis of the changing relative importance of social interaction as a source of information, as an aid in developing and maintaing a self-concept and as a source of emotional well-being

Front 134

Marital capital

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financial and emotional benefits build up during a long-standing marriage, which tend to hold a couple together

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Empty nest

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transitional phase of parenting following the last child's leaving the parents' home

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Revolving door syndrome

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Tendency for young adults who have left home to return to their parent's household in timesof financial marital or other trouble

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Filial Maturity

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Stage of life, proposed by Marcoen and others, in which middle-aged children, as the outcome of a filial crisis, learn to accpe tand meet their parents' need to depend on them.

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Filial crisis

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Marcoen-- Normative development of middle age, in whichadults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy within a two-way relationship

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Caregiver burnout

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Condition of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion affecting adults who provide continuous care for sick or aged persons

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Sandwich generation

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Middle-aged adults squeezed by competing needsto raise or launch children and to care for elderly parents

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Kinship care

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Care of children living without parents in the home or grandparents or other relatives, with or without a change of legal custody

Front 142

Ego intergrty vs. despair

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Erikson's 8th-- people in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived, and thus accept death, or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived

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Coping

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Adaptive thinking or behavior aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from harmful, threatening, or challening conditions

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Cognitive-appraisal model

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Model of coping (Lazaus and Folkman) which holds that, on the basis of continuous appraisal of their realtionship with the enviornment, people choose appropriate coping strategies to deal with situations that taxtheir normal resources

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Problem-focused coping

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Coping strategy directed toward eliminating, managing, or improving a stressful situation

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Emotion-focused coping

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Coping strategy directedtoward managing the emotional response to a stressful situation so a to lessen its physical or psychological impact (palliative coping)

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Ambiguous loss

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A loss that is not clearly defined or does not bring closure

Front 148

disengagement theory

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Theoriy of aging (Cumming and Henry) which holds that successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawl between the older person and society

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Activity theory

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Theory of aging (which holds tha tin order to age successfully a peson must remain as active as possible

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Continuity theory

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Theory (Atchley) which holds that in order to age successfully people must maintain a balance of continuity and change in both the internal and external structures of their lives

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family-focused lifestyle

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pattern of retirement activity that revolves around family, home, and companions

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Balanced investment

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Pattern of retirement activity allocated among family, work, and lesiure

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Serious Leisure

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Leisure activity requiring skill, attention, and commitment

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Elder abuse

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Maltreatment or neglect of dependent older persons, or violation of their personal rights