Personal Health Science

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Mental Health

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An umbrella concept encompassing emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health.

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Health

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Dynamic, ever-changing process of achieving indicidual potential in the physical, social, mental, environmental, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual dimensions of life.

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Mortality

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Death Rate

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Morbidity

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Illness Rate

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Wellness

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The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions.

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Activities of dialy living (ADLs)

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Tasks of everyday living, such as bathing and walking up stairs.

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Health promotion

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Combined educational, organizational, procedural, enviromentral, social, and financial supports that help people reducce negative health behviors and promote positive change.

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Risk Behaviors

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Actions that increas susceptibility to negative health outcomes.

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Disease prevention

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Actions or behaviors designed to dkeep people from getting sick.

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Primary prevention

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Actions deesigned to reduce risk and avoid health problems before they start.

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Secondary prevention (intervention)

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Recognizing health risks and taking action to stop them before they lead to actual illness.

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Tertiary prevention

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Treatment and/or rehabilitation after a person is sick.

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Incidence

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The number of new cases

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Prevalence

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The number of existing cases.

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Cerfified Health Education Specialits

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Academically trained health educators who have passed a nation competency examination for prevention and intervention programming.

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Women's Health Initative (WHI)

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National study focusing on the leading causes of death and disease in postmenopausal women, in conjunction with the NIH mandate for equal research priorities for women's health issues.

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Belief

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Appraisal of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of that object, action, or idea.

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Attitude

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Relatively stable set of beliefts, feelings, and behavioral tenencles in relation to somethiing or someone.

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Health Belief Model (HBM)

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Model for explaining how beliefs may influnce behaviors.

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Theory of Reasoned Action

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Model for explaining the importance of our intentions in determining behaviors.

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Shaping

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Using a series fo small steps to reach a particlar goal gradually.

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Imagined reherarsal

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Practicing, through mental imagery, to become better able to perform an actual event.

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Modeling

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Learning specific behavior sby watchiing others perform them.

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Situational inducement

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Attempt to influence a behavior through occastions and social settings that are structured to exert control over that behavior.

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Positive reinforcement

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presenting a reward following a behavior to increase the likeihood that the behavior will be repeated.

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Psychosocial health

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The mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health.

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Mental health

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The thinking part of psychosocial health that includes values, attitudes, and beliefs.

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Emotional health

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the feeling part of psychosocial health that includes emotional reactions to life

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Emotions

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Intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings we constantly experince.

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Social health

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Aspect of psychosocial health that includes interactionwith others ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various situations.

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Social Bonds

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Degree and nature of interpersonal contacts.

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Social support

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network of people and services with whom you share ties and get support

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Prejudice

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A negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is typically based on unfavorable and often wrong ideas about the group.

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Spirituality

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A belief in a unifying force that gives meaning to life and transcends the purely physical or personal dimensions of existence.

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Interconnectedness

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A web of connections, including our relationship to ourselves, to others, and to a larger meaning or purpose in life.

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Mindfullness

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Awareness and acceptance of the reality of the present moment.

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Faith

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Belief that helps each person realize a unique purpose in life.

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Hope

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Belief that allowws us to look confidently and courgeously to the future.

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Love

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Acceptance, afirmation and respect for the self and others.

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Dysfuncitional families.

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Families in which ther eis violence; physical, emotiuonal, or sexual abuse; parental discord; or other negative interactions and behaviors.

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Self-efficacy

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Belief in one's own ability to engage in and execute a specific behavior successfully.

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Personal Control

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Belief that one's own internal resources can control a situation.

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Self-esteem

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Sense of self-respect or self-worth

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Learned helplessness

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Pattern of responding to situations by giving up because of repeated failure in the past.

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Subjectivie well-being (SWB)

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That uplifting feelings of inner peace and wonder that we call happiness.

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Mental illnesses

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Disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors and impair daily functioning.

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Major depressive disorder

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Severe depression that entails chronic mood disoder, physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion, and mental effects such as the inability to concenrate.

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Chronic mood disorder

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Experince of persistent sadness, despair, and hoplessness.

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Bipolar disorder

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Form of depression characterized by alternatiing manica and depression.

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Anxiety discorders

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Disorders characterized by persistent feelings of threat and anxiousness in cop8ing with everyday problems.

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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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Generalized A contant sense of worry that may cause restlessness, difficulty in concerntrating, and tentionanxiety disorder (GAD) .

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Panic attack

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Severe anxiety attack in which a particular situation, often for unknown reasons, causes terror.

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Phobia

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A deep and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a complelling desire to avoid the source of the fear.

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Social phobia

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A phobia characterized by persistent fear and avoidance of social situations.

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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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A type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when sunlight levels are low.

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Schizophrenia

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A mental illness with biological origins that is characterized by irrational behavior, hallucinations, and, often, an inability to function in society.

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Psychiatrist

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A licensed medical dr who specializes in treating mental and emotional disorders

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Psychologist

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A person with an Ph.D. degree and training in counseling or clinical psychology.

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Psychoanalyst

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A psychiatrist or psychologist with special training in psychoanalysis.

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Social worker

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A person with an M.S.W. degree and clinical training.

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Counselor

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Aperson with a variety of academic and experiential training who deals with the treatment of emotional problems.

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Stress

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Mental and physical response of our bodies to the changes and challenges of our lives

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Stressor

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A physical, social, or psychological event or condition that causes the body to adjust to a specific situation.

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Adjustment

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The attempt to cope with a given situation.

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Strain

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The wear and tear the body and mind sustain in adjusting to or resisting a stressor.

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Eustress

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Positive stress that presents opportunities for personal growth.

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Distress

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Negative stress that can have a negative effect on health.

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Fight-or-Flight respondse

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Physiological reaction in with the body prepares to combat or escape a real or perceived threat.

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Homeostasis

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A balanced physical state in which all the body's systems function smoothly

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Adaptive response

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Form of adjustment in which the body attemptsa to restore homeostasis.

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GEneral adaptation sydrome (GAS)

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The pattern followed in the physiological response to stress, consisting of the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phase.

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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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The portion of the central nervous system that reglates bodily functions that a person does not normally consiously control.

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Sympathetic nervous system

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Branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for stress arousal.

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Parasympathetic nervous system

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Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for slwing systems stimulated by the stress response.

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Hypothalamus

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Asection of the brain that controls the sympathetic nervous system and directs the stress response.

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Epinephrine

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Also called adrenaline, a hormone that stimulates body systems in response to stress.

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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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A pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands to serete cortisol.

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Cortisol

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Hormone relased by the adrenal glands that makes stored nutrients more readily available to meet energy demands

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Immunocompetence

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The ability of the immune system to respond to assaults.

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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Science of the interaction betwen the mind's response to stress and the immune system.

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Overload

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A state in which a person feels overburdened by demands

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Burnout

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A state of physical and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress

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Background distressors

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Environmental stressors of which people are often unware.

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Cognitive stress system

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The psychological system that governs emotional responses to stressors.

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Psychological hardiness

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A personality trait characterized by control, commitment, and challenge.

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Psychological stress

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Stres caused by being in an environment perceived to be beyond one's control and endangering one's well-being.

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Stress inoculation

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Newer stress management technique in which a person consciously tries to prepare ahead of time for potential stressors.

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Downshifting

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Conscious attempt to simplify life in an effort to reduce the stresses and strains of modern living.

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Hypnosis

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A process that allows people to become unusally responsive to suggestion.

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Meditation

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A relaxtion technique that involves focusing on a word or symbol, controlling reathing, and getting in touch with the inner self.

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Biofeeback

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A technique that involves self-monitoring aby machine of physical responses to stress and attempts to control the responses.

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Mindfulness

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The ability to be fully present in the moment.