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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is mortality? |
Death |
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What is morbidity? |
Illness and disease. |
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What is morbidity rate? |
Relative incidence of disease among a population. |
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What is mortality rate? |
The number of deaths in a population in a given period of time. |
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What are other measures of health? |
Self assessed health Life expectancy |
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What is life expectancy? |
Most often used to describe the health of large groups of people. Compare one country to another, one state to another, etc. Represent how long people are living currently. |
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What is an infectious disease? |
A disease that can spread from person to person, caused by microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. |
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What is a chronic disease? |
A disease that develops over a long period of time. |
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What are the leading causes of death in the U.S. today? |
Heart disease |
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What are the top 3 leading causes of death among Americans ages 15-24? |
Accidents Homicide Suicide |
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What are living and working conditions that effect health? |
Psychosocial factors Employment status and occupational factors Socioeconomic status (income, education, occupation) The natural and built environments Public health services Health care services |
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what are the layers in the biological model of health? |
Innate individual traits: age, sex, race, and biological factors...the biology of disease.
Individual behavior
Social, family, and community networks
Living and working conditions
Broad social, economic, cultural, health, and environmental conditions. Conditions and policies at the global, national, state, and local levels. |
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What is the Latino "paradox"? |
Mexican immigrants health decreases the longer they live in the U.S., even as their economic status improves. |
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What are the core determinants of health? |
Health services Employment/working conditions Education and literacy Physical environments Social support networks Personal health practices and coping skills Social environments Healthy child development Biology and genetic endowment Culture Financial and social status Gender |
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What is pre contemplation? |
Don't think there's a problem, no intention to change. |
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What is contemplation? |
Know there's a problem, intend to take action within 6 months. |
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What is preparation? |
Plan to take action within 1 month. |
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What is action? |
Outwardly modifying behavior. |
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What is maintenance? |
Maintained behavior for at least 6 months. |
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What is termination? |
No longer tempted to lapse back. |
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What is a SMART goal? |
S = specific M = measurable A = attainable R = realistic T = time specific |
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Behavior change is necessary but not _____ for improvements in health. |
sufficient |
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What is nutrition? |
The science of food and how to body uses it in health and disease. |
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What are the 4 levels in the ecological model of eating? |
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Community/Institution Macro level/Public policy |
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How many essential nutrients are there in a healthy diet? |
45 |
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What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients? |
Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Water Vitamins Minerals |
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What are the macronutrients? |
Protein Fat Carbohydrate Water |
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What are the micronutrients? |
Vitamins Minerals |
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Through what process does your body obtain nutrients? |
Digestion |
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The energy in foods is expressed as _____. |
kilocalories |
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What are kilocalories commonly referred to as? |
calories |
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1 kilocalorie raises the temperature of 1 liter of water by how many degrees C? |
1 |
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About how many kilocalories a day does a person need to meet his/her energy needs? |
2000 |
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How many of the 6 classes of essential nutrients supply energy? |
3 |
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Fat has how many calories per gram? |
9 |
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Protein has how many calories per gram? |
4 |
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Carbohydrates have how many calories per gram? |
4 |
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Which nonessential nutrient supplies energy and is 7 calories per gram? |
Alcohol |
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Regardless of their source, calories consumed in excess of energy needs are converted to ____. |
fat |
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T/F: Meeting energy needs is enough. |
False: Your body needs enough of the essential nutrients to function properly. |
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What are major sources of protein? |
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk products, legumes, nuts |
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What are major sources of carbohydrates? |
Grains (breads and cereals), fruits, vegetables, milk |
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What are major sources of fats? |
Animal foods, grains, nuts, seeds, fish, vegetables |
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What are major sources of vitamins? |
Abundant in fruits, vegetables, and grains; also found in meat and dairy products |
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What are major sources of minerals? |
Found in most food groups |
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What are major sources of water? |
Fruits, vegetables, liquids |
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What are the major functions of proteins? |
Form important parts of muscles, bone, blood, enzymes, some hormones, and cell membranes; repair tissue; regulate water and acid-base balance; help in growth; supply energy |
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What are the major functions of carbohydrates? |
Supply energy to cells in brain, nervous system, and blood; supply energy to muscles during exercise. |
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What are the major functions of fats? |
Supply energy; insulate, support, and cushion organs; provide medium for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. |
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What are the major functions of vitamins? |
Promote (initiate or speed up) specific chemical reactions within cells. |
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What are the major functions of minerals? |
Help regulate body functions; aid in growth and maintenance of body tissues; act as catalysts for release of energy. |
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What is the major function of water? |
Makes of 50-60% of body weight; provides medium for chemical reactions; transports chemicals; regulates temperature; removes waste products. |
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What are the building blocks of proteins? |
Amino acids |
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What are complete proteins? |
Animal proteins |
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What are incomplete proteins? |
Plant proteins |
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What percent of total daily calories should be protein intake? |
10-35% |
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What is the most concentrated source of energy? |
Fat |
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____ tbsp of vegetable oil per day supplies the essential fats. |
1 |
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What percent of total daily calories are fat intake? |
20-35% |
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_____ fats should be favored over _____ and ______ fats. |
Unsaturated trans |
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What foods are saturated fats found in? |
Animal fats (especially fatty meats and poultry fat and skin) Palm and coconut oils |
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What are the possible effects on health from saturated fats? |
Raises total cholesterol and "bad" (LDL) cholesterol levels Increases risk of heart disease May increase risk of colon and prostate cancers |
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What foods are trans fats found in? |
French fries and other deep-fried fast foods Stick margarines, shortening Packaged cookies and crackers Processed snacks and sweets |
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What are the possible effects on health from trans fat? |
Raises total cholesterol and "bad" (LDL) cholesterol levels Lowers "good" (HDL) cholesterol levels May increase risk of heart disease and breast cancer |
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What foods are monounsaturated fats found in? |
Olive, canola, and safflower oils Abocados, olives Peanut butter (without added fat) Many nuts, including almonds, cashews, pecans, pistachios |
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What are the possible effects on health from monounsaturated fats? |
Lowers total cholesterol and "bad" (LDL) cholesterol levels May reduce blood pressure and lower triglyceride levels (a risk factor for CVD) May reduce risk of heart disease, stroke, and some cancers |
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What foods are (polyunsaturated) Omega-3 fatty acids found in? |
Fatty fish, including salmon, white albacore tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines Lesser amounts in walnut, flaxseed, canola, and soybean oils; tofu; walnuts; flaxseeds; and dark-green leafy vegetables |
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What are the possible effects on health from Omega-3 fatty acids? |
Reduces blood clotting and inflammation and inhibits abnormal heart rhythms Lowers triglyceride levels (a risk factor for CVD) May lower blood pressure in some people May reduce risk of fatal heart attack, stroke, and some cancers |
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What foods are (polyunsaturated) Omega-6 fatty acids found in? |
Corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils (often used in margarine, mayonnaise, and salad dressing) |
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What are the possible effects of health from Omega-6 fatty acids? |
Lowers total cholesterol and "bad" (LDL) cholesterol levels May lower "good" (HDL) cholesterol levels May reduce risk of heart disease May slightly increase risk of cancer if omega-6 intake is high and omega-3 intake is low |
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What is the percent daily caloric intake of carbohydrates? |
45-65% |
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All grains are _____ before processing. |
whole |
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What is the inner layer of the grain? |
germ |
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What is the middle layer of the grain? |
endosperm |
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What is the outer layer of the grain? |
bran |
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What are some examples of whole grains? |
Whole wheat, whole rye, whole oats, oatmeal, whole-grain corn, popcorn, brown rice, whole-grain barley |
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What is fiber? |
Nondigestible carbohydrate provided by plants. |
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What are some sources of fiber? |
All plant substances Fruits, legumes, oats, barley - lower blood glucose and cholesterol levels Wheat, grains, cereals, vegetables - prevent constipation Should come form foods, not supplements |
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What is the recommended intake of fiber for: Men Women |
38 grams for adult men 25 grams for adult women |
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Americans consume about ____ this amount. |
half |
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What are organic substances? |
Carbon-containing substances |
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What do organic substances do? |
Critical in producing red blood cells Maintenance of the nervous, skeletal, and immune systems Some vitamins help preserve the health of the cell Help unleash energy stored in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
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How many vitamins do we need? |
13 |
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What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins? |
A, D, E, and K |
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What are the 9 water-soluble vitamins? |
C and 8 B-complex |
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What are sources of organic micronutrients? |
Human body does not manufacture most vitamins Abundant in fruits, vegetables, and grains |
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How many essential minerals are there? |
17 |
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What are the major minerals? |
Need 100 milligrams or more of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, potassium, and chloride. |
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What are the trace minerals? |
Need minute amounts of copper, fluoride, iodide, iron, selenium, and zinc. |
