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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality
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a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
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psychodynamic perspective
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view personality as being primarily unconscious (that is, beyond awareness) and as developing in stages. Most psychodynamic perspectives emphasize that early experiences which parents play an important role in sculpting the individual's personality.
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Freud
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) the architect of psychoanalytic theory
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id
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the Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts and is the individuals reservoir of psychic energy.
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ego
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the Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.
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superego
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the Freudian structure of personality that deals with morality
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defense mechanisms
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the ego's protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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Oedipus Complex
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In Freud's theory, the young child's development of an intense desire to replace the parent of the same sex and enjoy the affections of the opposite-sex parents.
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Fixation
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clinging to an earlier stage of development
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Developmental stage
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all current experience is seen through this “prism of past experiences”
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Karen Horney
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(1885-1952) Developed the first feminist criticism of Freud's theory. Horney's view emphasizes women's positive qualities and self-evaluation.
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Alfred Adler
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(1870-1937) Another of Freud's contemporaries. Emphasized the important of each individual's uniqueness, individual psychology, people are motivated by purposes and goals.
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Individual Psychology
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Adler's approach, people as motivated by purposes and goals, being creators of their own lives.
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Jung
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Carl Jung (1876-1961) Swiss psychoanalytic theorist who developed the concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes.
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Analytic Psychology
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Carl Jung – incorporating the concept of archetypes as an expression of the collective unconscious (eg -the Mandala as a representation of the self; the Shadow as the “the thing a person does not want to be”)
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collective unconscious
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Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.
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archetypes
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the name Jung gave to the emotionally laden ideas and images int he collective unconscious that have rich meaning for all people.
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Ivan Pavlov
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Ian Pavlov (1906) Russian physiologist, attempting to determine why dogs salivate discovered classical conditioning.
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classical conditioning
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a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a response similair to the repose to the meaningful stimulus.
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B.F. Skinner
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Skinner developed the concept of operant conditioning.
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operant conditioning
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also called instrumental conditioning, this learning process occurs when the consequences of the behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
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reinforcement
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the learning process by which a stimulus or event that follows a behavior increases the probability that the behavior will occur again.
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extinction
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in operant conditioning, this process occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and the tendency to perform the behavior decreases.
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punishment
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refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
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Albert Bandura
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Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel are the architects of contemporary social cognitive theory
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social cognitive theory
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states that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding personality.
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observational learning
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Also called imitation or modeling, the learning process that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else's behavior.
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reciprocal determinism
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Bandura's view that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality.
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self-efficacy
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the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
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Bobo Doll experiment
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Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and studied patterns of behavior associated with aggression.
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locus of control (Rotter)
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Refers to whether individuals believe that the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do (internal control) or on events outside of their personal control (external control)
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humanistic perspectives
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stress a person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose one's own destiny, and positive human qualities.
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The The Marshmallow Test
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conducted by Mischel, tested delayed gratification.
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Carl Rogers
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a pioneer in the development of the humanistic perspective.
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Abraham Maslow
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developed the hierarchy of needs
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hierarchy of needs
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Maslow's concept that states that individuals' main needs follow this sequence: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, and self-actualization.
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self-actualization
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the highest need in Maslow's hierarchy that involves the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being.
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trait
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an enduring characteristic that tends to lead to certain behaviors
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trait theories
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State that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic responses.
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big five factors of personality
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The "supertraits" that consist of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
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projective test
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Personality assessment tool that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe or tell a story about it; based on the assumption that the ambiguity of the stimulus allows individuals to project their feelings, desires, needs, and attitudes on it.
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Rorschach ink blot test
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A widely used projective test
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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A projective test designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality
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self-report tests
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also called objective tests or inventories, they directly ask people whether items describe them or not.
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empirically keyed test
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Relies on its items to predict some criterion
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test.
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self-concept
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an individual's perception of his or her abilities, personality, and other attributes, it consists of our overall thoughts and feelings about our characteristics.
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the “ME” (William James)
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the ‘Me’: the self as known – the objective/ material self
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the “I” (William James)
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the ‘I’: the self as knower – a the sense of agency; a sense of uniqueness; a sense of continuity from moment to moment; an “awareness of one’s own awareness”
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theory of mind
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“The ability to appreciate that what you know or believe to be true is different from what others know and believe to be true is a salient feature of self-awareness.”
(Newman &Newman (2006, p. 246) |
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actual self
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your representation of the attributes you believe or you actually possess.
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ideal self
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your representation of the attributes you would like to ideally possess- that is, a representation of your hopes, aspirations, and wishes..
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ought self
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your representation of the attributes you believe you should posses- that is, a representation of your duties, obligations, and responsibilities..
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self-discrepancy theory
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HIggins' theory that problems occur when representations from different viewpoints or from different domains are inconsistent or discrepant. Two types of discrepancies re especially problematic: between the actual and ideal selves, and between the actual and ought.
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possible selves
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Individuals' conceptions of what they might become, including what they would like to become and what they are afraid of becoming
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the looking glass self (Cooley)
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Cooley (1902) describes the looking glass self as an understanding of ourselves based on the reactions of others – an example - self-fulfilling prophecies based on the expectancies of others
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the dramaturgical self (Goffman)
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Goffman (1959) describes the dramaturgical self – emerging from the acting out a particular role – ‘enactment’ becomes an important concept in the establishment and expression of the self.
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role-based norms and expectations
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the self is vulnerable to the pressures of broad social expectations and specific role-based norms and to the detail of expectations communicated in interpersonal interactions - these influences are incremental but their cumulative impact is significant
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self-esteem
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the overall evaluation of one's self-worth or self-image.
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narcissism
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a self-centered and self-concerned approach in dealing with others.
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identity
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a sense of integration of self in which different parts come together in a unified whole.
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Erik Erikson
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Identity versus identity confusion stage: 18-25 years.
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identity versus identity confusion
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Erikson's fifth of eight developmental stages that occurs during the adolescent and emerging adult years at which time individuals are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
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James Marcia
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classified individuals based on the existence or extent of their crisis and commitment.
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crisis and commitment
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Marcia's idea of crisis being the period of identity developed during which the individual is choosing among meaningful alternatives, commitment the personal investment in a identity.
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psychosocial moratorium
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Erikson's terms for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy.
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identity foreclosure
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Marcia's term for the status of individuals when they have made a commitment but have not experienced an identity crisis.
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identity moratorium
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Marcia's term for the status of individuals when they are in the midst of an identity crisis but have not made a clear commitment to an identity.
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identity achievement
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Marcia's term for the status of individuals when they have undergone an identity crisis and made commitment.
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ethnic identity
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an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in a n ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
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vlaues
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standards that we apply to determine the worth of things, ideas, or events. Our values reflect what matters most to us.
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Value conflict
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a clash between values that encourage opposing actions.
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service learning
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a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community, aiming to help adolescents and emerging adults to become less self-centered and more strongly motivated to help others.
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Morita therapy
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Emphasizes accepting feelings, knowing one's purposes, and most important, doing what needs to be done.
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identity foreclosure
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Marcia's term for the status of individuals when they have made a commitment but have not experienced an identity crisis.
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identity moratorium
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Marcia's term for the status of individuals when they are in the midst of an identity crisis but have not made a clear commitment to an identity.
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identity achievement
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Marcia's term for the status of individuals when they have undergone an identity crisis and made commitment.
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ethnic identity
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an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in a n ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
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vlaues
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standards that we apply to determine the worth of things, ideas, or events. Our values reflect what matters most to us.
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Value conflict
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a clash between values that encourage opposing actions.
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service learning
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a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community, aiming to help adolescents and emerging adults to become less self-centered and more strongly motivated to help others.
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Morita therapy
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Emphasizes accepting feelings, knowing one's purposes, and most important, doing what needs to be done.
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