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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is sociology
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the systematic study of human society and the behaviour of people in society.
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what is the purpose of sociology
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the purpose of sociology is to debunk the myth of nature, demonstrating that human beings even when they believe they are acting out of natural instincts are in fact regulated by complex and historically specific social structures and cultural norms.
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how does sociology study or explain human behaviour
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explains how are actions are controlled by norms and social structures even though we think we are in control and have freedom.
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difference between psychological and sociological approach to understanding/explaining human behaviour
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Psychological- results in emotional withdrawal from sport due to stress.
imbalance between perceived demands and perceived capabilities. problem with individual, they need to make changes. fix it by talking through it, training your thoughts and how you think, better time management. use positive talk relaxation to address stress, modification of athlete sociological- focus: connection between burnout and how sports programs organized -how athletes treated in sports programs -social relationships between athlete and parents, coaches -how sports organized, dropout due to time, cost, winning. burnout; lack of control and power on part of athlete how to cure it: changes in organization of sport, and changes in athelte relationships. |
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naturalise
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believed due to nature and not social/economic/ political factors.
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critiques of reality due to nature
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things in life are natural
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how does sociology study or explain behaviour
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by studying social condtions and cultural contexts. the relationship between individual and society
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commensense beliefs
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widely shared beliefs/explanations about the social and physical worlds held by people in societyand or subcultures in a society
ie. what everybody knows----common beliefs shared amongst people in a society but thats not to say that everyone agrees with that beleif/explanation |
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berger and luckman explanation of CSB's
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process of objectification. ideas have taken on a life of their own. cannot be traced back to anyone who started it. A small group get together and come up with one explanatons of soemthing that has mnay explanations and people hop on board with that one explanation.
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Principle of critiquing commen sense beliefs.
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what vested interests might an individual or group have in making thsi explanation
-what evidence would be needed to confirm or refute the explanation -how is language being used - what contradictions on logic can be identified -whats conveyed implicitly/explicitly through it. |
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race
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group of people that share the same skin colour and culture.
social category not a biological one it is a socially constructed concept. |
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racial idealogy
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beliefs held by individuals and used to describe/interpret peoples behaviours and events in racial terms.
ignores social and cultural factors when explaining successes/ failures of black athletes assumption: white skinned athletes success due to tradition, trianing opportunities, dedication, hard work and not genes vs black athlete succes due to natural ability. |
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Socially constructed
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people shaped by a culture which views how they view reality
culture: -shared meanings -tacit knowledge (unspoken) -shapes how we do social practices -dynamic people in a culture give meanng tp physical/material world (ie, objects, events, people) |
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how do we give meanings to things
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how we represent them.
-words -images -emotions -values -how we classify/ conceptualize. |
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ideology
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general perspectives used to make sense of world
-everyday logic used to live lives -implicit |
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2 types of social transformation
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unintended and intended
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hegemony
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when a ideology becomes dominant
-maintain existing arrangements of power, authority wealth and status. used to justify a group pursuing own interests. |
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social reproduction
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when societies keep going over time in relatively the same shape/form regarding
-social practices -social relations -beliefs- -values |
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social transformation
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processes of change within society
unintended and intended |
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structure
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social settings
-patterns of relations between people that extend across a number of institutuons and in doing so effectively structure the lives of individuals |
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how do structures work or operate
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- shape behaviour
-peer pressure analogy -social expectations to behave in certain ways. structures shape us and being shaped by those structures reproduces them. |
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what is agency
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is when someone does an undetermined action that causes change. connected to social transformation.
-voluntary/ self directed action/ behaviour |
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examples of structures
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class, gender, sexuality, parentsharder on older kids, authoirty, power, religion
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structure-agency relationship
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when society impacts and causes actions of an individual that structure-
when an individual impacts society its agency |
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sociological imagination
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way of looking at the world: connection between individual issues (personal troubles) and social issues (public issues)
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Culture
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process concerned with the production and exchange of meanings between people in a society of group within society-
-culture is dynamic and fundamentally about meaning includes both shared meanings and diversity of meanings. culture is negotiated |
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how is culture reproduced and produced
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through languages, symbols, practices, technology, values, institutions, interactions.
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Body pre industrial
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body was seen as a biological entity, there for producing babies
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how is body socially constructed?
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body is shaped, contrained, made meaningful through culturally specific systems of representation.
shapes how we think about and understand the body |
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marcel mauss
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talks about the body being unfinished at birth, that the body requires substantial culture training to exist in the society.
ex. potty training ex. picking nose not accepted |
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politics of the body
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issues with abortion, obesity, plastic surgery, steroids, stem cell research.
body is one of the few things we can control |
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Cultural texts"
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anything read for meaning: speech, written material, visual messages, material objects.
ex. women with bowls in their mouths |
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sociological understandings
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understanding that a text can have many different meanings
revealing preferred meanings and understanding how these create dominant ideologies. |
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what are the 2 semiotic texts
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denotative and connotative
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what is denotative analysis
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descriptive level of meaning
ex. wedding ring |
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what is connotative analysis
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interpretation of text in terms of broader cultural themes/meanings
ex. love, commitment, tradition. |
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reading thebody exercise
body= simultaneosuly medium of culture and sport |
what we do with our body reproduces cultural meanings.
body is the medium of culture and sport/ physical activity understanding body is never pre cultural inevitably a social phenomenon. |
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what is the relevance of philosophy for cultural persepctives on body
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provides logical basis for beliefs
philosophers have questioned and dealt with for centureis: the relationship between mind and body. |
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Platos perspecitves on mind and body
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views mind as the essence of a being
views body as a protective vessel. untrustworthy mind and body separate meaning constructed in relational way. ex mind in relation to body 3 parts of dichotomies 1. relation: opposite or binary 2. mutually exclusive (either/ or categorization) 3.higher social value on one expense over other puts higher value on one thing over the other ex. dumb jocks, or white vs black |
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descartes perspectives on mind and body
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ontology: reality made up of 2 substances
1. thinking substances (non-spatital , mind) 2. extending substances (anything that physically occupies space) ex. body seees body as object father of objectivity |
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what was the importance of descartes
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1. role in shaping western conceptualization of knowledge, science and reason.
2. legacy of mind-body separation: each one independantly addressed by separate areas of science/ humanities and bio meidcal sciences body and mind now have to over lap they are viewed as separate. ex van gunthers exhibits of dead bodies with no identifications. |
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what is dichotomous thinking
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the separation of 2 things ex body and mind
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relationship to mind body dichotomy in sport
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you can figure out the body through science to become the best you can be, has nothing to do with the mind
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what does body as object mean?
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body is divorced from mind, there is no connection
body can be altered and changed. body is intellectually divorced from the person |
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relevance of body as object in context with science, society, and sport.
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body is object of study to increase performance. if you do this and this you should be successful, body is related to class and identity, and is the engine that makes you successful in sport.
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modernity and the body enlightenment
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age of reason, there must be a reason for everything
reason and rationality 18th century how are modern socieites run today. |
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ascendancy of science and secularism. explain your understanding of it.
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science was seen to be the answer to human progress.
came to replace religious authority. biomedical sciences seen as answer to imporve performance |
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consequences for the body
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body werent treated as good, the way they ate and perform sexual activity all changed. science now controls how we use our body.
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scientific progress what were the effects for society body and sport.
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life is a lot greyer, dont know how to live now, destablizes our understanding of bodies, age of the cyborg. looking to increase performance in sport.
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Body as malleable what does that mean
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means that the body is made to be manipulated and pushed hard.
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destablized bodies
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bodies now being manipulated and agents and things like steroids
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cyborgs/ human genome project relevance to sport.
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that we are using technology to improve our bodies
ex. earing aids, pacemaker, prosthetic legs |
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genetic doping
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put good genes in for bad ones, leads to quicker recovery, stronger muscles, more fast twitch or slow twitch.
where do you cut the line between helping someone or whether you are causing an unfair disadvantage |
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Consumer culture
what is it? what kind of society does it describe? |
societies where social practices and cultural values, ideas, aspirations, and identities are defined and oriented to consumption.
capitalistic socities |
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what are the 3 defining characteristics of consumer culture
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1. consumptiom
2. marketing 3. consumption of goods/ services |
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consumption-production- marketing relationship.
explain the relationship between the 3 |
marketers market in a way that consumers believe they need these items to fit in or feel part of something which leads to consumption and that leads to more production.
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how does happiness and desire fram into the relationship between the 3
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happiness is acquired through consumption.
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consumption-status-identity relationship
what is the relevance within a cc society |
in a cc socity your status is based how much you consume which leads to your identity.
clothes can represent honour and prestige. ex. cars huge sign of class |
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what is status
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social honour prestige given to individual groups
in cc societies characterized by consumption of goods |
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what is the relationship to lifestyles of consumption-status-identity.
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lifestyles come to be signified through what we consume
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relationship to sporting gear/ pro sport merchandise
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need to buy named brand, while your playing sports you need to look good to.
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what is branding?
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process establishing core set of meaning of the brand
branding signifies who they are. wants to make an emotional investment between consumer and brand. |
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• Relevance to:
• Pro sport merchandise |
how much merchandise leads to how successful a team is.
people buying merchandise it shows their invested identities |
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Sporting gear-fashion link
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sports gear has been developed to be affective and look goo because their is so much ties up in our appearance
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How is ‘the good life’ framed
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that in order to live the good life and to solve all your problems you just need to consume and your happiness will come.
consumption is the cure to all problems |
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Consumption-leisure relationship
• Production of desires |
companies instill the feeling of want and desire into your mind making you think you need certain items to be happy
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Social effects of continuous encouragement of
consumption |
this leads to crime
-taking advantage of people like afro american -gets the rich richer and the poor poorer leads to the body as a primiary vehicle of consumption, and a text of identity |
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Politics of the body through consumption
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exploitation of afrixcan american males, and body as primary vehicle of consumption and a text of identity.
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Commodification of the body in late modernity
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body transformed into a market of commerce and vehicle of consumption
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Relationships amongst: body/self-identity/consumption
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body= central to both consumption and construction of identity within late modernity.
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Consequences for the body of the effects produced through biomedical science & CC
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how we view the body hasnt changed since plato and hartnell. we are constantly looking to maintain our bodies
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Shilling’s notion of “body projects”
• Body and self-identity |
body is a project which should be worked at and accomplished as part of individuals self identity.
1. we have |
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Foucault’s explanation of power as exercised through discipline
• Productive organisation of space |
ensures bodies are economically productive
through being watched people behave in certain ways. |
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Normalising gaze
• How is conformity of behaviour/being/appearance etc. accomplished? |
through watching performance, and giving punishments or rewards for actions.
visibilty: whether you ar ebing watched or not. behaviour monitored to ensure conformity. |
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Panopticon
• What is it? |
means all seeing
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Panopticon
• What is it? • Relevance for Foucault? |
used to prove that people are disciplined when being watched by those in power. or if they think they are being watched the will react differently.
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Disciplinary power
• Power’s operation: self-discipline and stimulation of desires |
people are more likely to show up or behave with being watched.
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how does power operate=
fleshy body---- mindful body |
2edwe
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normalization
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process of which a particular something becomes culturally defined as the norm (behaviours, beliefs, values)
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Disciplinary techniques
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activities engaged in to achieve/ come as close to norm as possible.
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Normative bodies:
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sporting and physically active ones
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what is bergman and luckman explanation of commmon sense beliefs.
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process of objectification
ideas not attributed to anyone----objective facts |
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WHATS THE PROBLEM with common sense beliefs
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simplify complex phenomena
we need to look at it in a micro level understanding. |
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what is the objective of thinking sociologically
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healthy skepticism of conventional explanations of reality.
reality is infinitely complex and relative |
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chambliss
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sporting excellence and natural ability.
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what are the 2 levels of social representation
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conceptual and language
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what are the 2 types of social transformation
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intended and unintended
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what is gramshi beliefs on societies existing with inequalities
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everyone accepts the beliefs and idealogies of the rich.
dominant group establishes their values, beliefs and practices as the commonsense. |
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social structures definition
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patterns of relations between people that extend across a number of institutions and in doing so effectively structure the lives of individuals.
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social structures can be enabling and constraining what are some examples of structures?
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gender, class, sexuality, religion
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what is the sociological imagination
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way of looking at the world: connection between individual problems and social issues
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what is stuart halls definition of culture
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process concerned with the production and exchange of meanings between people in a society or group within a society.
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how do we view the body compared to how it is actually developed?
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we look at it as physical or biological entity and as existing outside of culture
body is actually culturally constructed culture shapes how we think about our bodies. |
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what are some examples of our culture and how we are shaped by social structure
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picking nose is not good
potty training at 2 years |
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what are the 4 components of mapping the body
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1. reading the body
2. cultural attitudes towards the body: the body as object 3. consumer culture, the body and power 4. michel foucault: the social significance of the body in sport and physical activity. |
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plato
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mind superior
tradition between dichotomous thinking 3 parts of dichotomy 1. relation is opposite 2. mutually exlcusive: either or 3. higher social value |
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rene descartes
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1.thinking substances 9CONCEPTUAL, mind, non spatial)
2. extended substances (anything that physically occupies space) physical world can be predicted by science and math father or scientific objectivity importance: role in shaping western conceptualizations of knowledge, science and reason. 2. legacy of mind body separation: each one independantly addressed by separate areas of science |
