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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is sociology?
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how people interact in society and the reasoning behind it.
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what are the areas of focus in sociology?
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society, relationship between individual and society,social relations between people.which shapes how people think and behave.
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definition of sociology
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the systematic study of human society and the behaviour of people in society.
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definition of society
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a group of people in a specific territory who share a common set of behaviours, beliefs, values, material objects and social institutions that exist as a coherent system.
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What is a material object?
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have cultural meanings attached to them. ex. criquet ball.
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what is the purpose of sociology?
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to show that human beings are regulated by complex and historically specific social structures and cultural norms.
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what does it mean when reality is seen through a nature viewpoint?
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means that it is beyond the power to control and change.
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to say something is natural means your making a judgement. what is an example?
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gender ideology, ex men are meant for sports, women are meant to be the caretaker of the children.
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what is sociology?
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how people interact in society and the reasoning behind it.
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what is the social conditions?
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social, political, and economic factors are shaping how people think behave and opportunities in life.
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what are the areas of focus in sociology?
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society, relationship between individual and society,social relations between people.which shapes how people think and behave.
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definition of sociology
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the systematic study of human society and the behaviour of people in society.
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definition of society
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a group of people in a specific territory who share a common set of behaviours, beliefs, values, material objects and social institutions that exist as a coherent system.
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What is a material object?
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have cultural meanings attached to them. ex. criquet ball.
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what is the purpose of sociology?
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to show that human beings are regulated by complex and historically specific social structures and cultural norms.
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what does it mean when reality is seen through a nature viewpoint?
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means that it is beyond the power to control and change.
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to say something is natural means your making a judgement. what is an example?
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gender ideology, ex men are meant for sports, women are meant to be the caretaker of the children.
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what is the social conditions?
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social, political, and economic factors are shaping how people think behave and opportunities in life.
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how and why are social settings key to sociology?
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-created by people
-organized - influence behaviour -can be changed or maintained ex. when 10 year old girl fought to be be accepted in boys hockey |
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what are common sense beliefs?
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widely shared beliefs/ explanations about the social and physical worlds held by people in society and or subcultures within a society
ex. what everybody knows- common beliefs/ knowledge shared amongst people in a society but thats not to say that everyone agrees with that belief. |
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what is berger and luckamn's explanation of CSB?
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ideas undergone process of objectification.
ideas not attributed to anyone-objective facts ideas have taken on a life of their own. something goes from being able to have many different explanations due to people transforming to a few peoples idea of soemthing. |
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what are some principles for critiquing CSB?
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always question common sense explanations of human behaviour.
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what are the results of common sense explanations?
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simplify complex phenomena
communal explanations of something. ex racial discrimination. product of vested interest or ignorance. |
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how do we need to approach commonsense beliefs?
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make sense of issue under ones own experiences and base opinions on that. not thinking from other peoples points of views.
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when encountering a commonsense explanation always ask these questions?
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what vested interests might an individual/group have in perpetuating this sort of explanation.
-what evidence would be needed to confirm or refute the explanation how is language being used what contradictions in logic can be identified whats conveyed explicitly or implicitly through it |
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explicit
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ex. saying girls have improper throwing action
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implicit
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ex. emasculating a guy or male directed at females as well, saying it is normal for a girl to throw the ball in the inproper way.
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what are some examples or csb?
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throwing like a girl
black skinned athletical ability defined in the gene related to the color of the skin |
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what are some objectives of thinking sociologically?
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healthy skpeticism of conventional explanations of reality
-reality= infinitely complex and relative -perception of reality is shaped by social factors ex. race, gender, sexuality, religion, physical disability, class, ethnicity. |
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what is race?
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group of people that have same skin color and culture.
-is a social and not a biological category. socially constructed concept. |
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what is phenotype?
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outward appearance, lips, skin, colour, amount of hair.
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what is genotype?
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inside, genes
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black athlete success is naturally and genetically determined
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limits of notion of scientific objectivity ( scientists dont step into research without cultural bias or baggage)
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assumptions that blacks are physically dominant, and whites are more mental thinking are fixed they are
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dichotomous and ambigous
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what is idealogy?
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beliefs held by individuals and used to describe/interpret people, behaviours, and events in racial terms.
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what does idealogies ignore?
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social and cultural factors
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how are the assumptions different for white vs black people for success?
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white peopel succeed through tradition, training opportunities, dedication, hard work and not genes.
-black skinned athlete success due to natural ability. |
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how is reality formed
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through social construction
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whats included in culture?
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shared meanings, tacit knowledge (means unspoken), shapes how we do social practices, dynamic.
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how do people give meaning to things?
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how we represent them: words, images, emotions, values, but most importantly how we classify/concepttualize.
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what are the 2 levels of representation?
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conceptual, objects in world connected with concepts/ mental representations
language, conceptual maps translated into common language. certain written words |
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idealogy
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every society has prevailing idealogy that forms basis of commonsense, a basis that often remains invisible to most people of that society.
ideas/beliefs people make sense and explain how the world works or should work. how individual is able to explain whats happening in the world. is implicit |
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hegemony
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operate to maintain existing arrangements of power, authority, wealth and status.
used to justify a group pursuing own interests. |
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social reproduction.
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how societies keep going over time in relatively the same shape/ or form regarding social practices, social relations, values, beliefs, etc.
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social transformation
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processes of changes within a society, can be intended or unintended. ex for unintended is change from feudal to industrialization.
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when idealogy becomes dominant it is
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hegemonic idealogy
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hegemony
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processes through which dominant social groups extend their influence so as to continually refashion and establish their ways of life, values and beliefs as commonsense, in order to win consent for the system and structure of social relations that maintain there dominant position.
ability of dominant groups to establish their values, beliefs, practices as the commonsense. |
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hegemonic power
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dynamic
never complete due to resistance by subordinate eg. middle class of amatuerism. |
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what is the central question on sociology?
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is behaviour due to structure or agency or both.
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define social structures
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patterns of relations between people that extend across a number of institutions and doing so, effectively structure the lives of individuals.
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how do structures operate?
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shape behaviour, peer pressure analogy.
feel social expectations to behave in certain ways. expectations rooted in cultural norms. make us act in ways we dont normally behave. |
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example of peer pressure and social structure
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in sports expectations for team players to not be gay, so gay people hide who they are because they are scared about what will happen.
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experiences are shaped through being enabled or constrained
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ex of enabled to be heterosexual is enabling in sports, but to be gay is constraining. being gay could have huge impact on the team economically due to our idealogies and culture.
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what are some example of structures?
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class, gender, sexaulity, parents harder on oldest kid, authoirty, power, religion.
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how are structures reproduced?
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by allowing structures to shape us, we reproduce these structures.
ex. athletic scholarships and young african american males. |
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what are the effects of structures being reproduced in us?
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people are not aware how the structure was produced.
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how are structures changed?
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through social transformation.
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what is agency?
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it is when an action is undetermined. goes against the norm.
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what is a determined action?
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structured
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what is agency connected to or leads to?
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social transformation
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agency
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human action, concerns the undetermined aspect of human action verses determined.
voluntary/selfdirected/ behaviour connected to social transformation. |
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agency is when the individual has an effect on
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society
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karl marx
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men make their own history, but do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves.
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what is the idea behind public sociology by c wright mills?
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argued that sociologists need to be engaged to get accurate data.
sociologists need to be change agents, and expose social inequalities. |
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what are the 3 parts of humanistic sociology?
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1. atttending to individual and how he or she deals with social constraints
2. study concrete human experience in which it occurs 3. sociologists= change agents |
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what is the sociological imagination?
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way of looking at the world: connection between individual issues(personal troubles) and social issues (public issues)
SI refers to our understanding is limited to the sphere you are living in. |
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personal troubles
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individual issues you are facing, ex finding summer job to be able to come back to school.
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public issues connected with ben johnson
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economic structures
media cultural value on winning political and economical structures re athlete funding. |
