Peripheral Nervous System

Front 1

What is Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 1

All structures outside on the CNS.

Front 2

Two division of PNS

Back 2

Somatic division
Autonomic division

Front 3

Somatic division is...

Back 3

Voluntary

Front 4

Autonomic division is...

Back 4

Involuntary

Front 5

Somatic division includes...

Back 5

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Sensory and motor including muscles and glands

Front 6

Autonomic division includes...

Back 6

Sympathetic = fight and flight
Parasympathetic = rest and digest

Front 7

Afferent is...

Back 7

Sensory
To the brain

Front 8

Efferent is...

Back 8

Motor
From the brain

Front 9

3 connective tissues of PNS

Back 9

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

Front 10

Endoneurium

Back 10

Separates individual axon

Front 11

Perineurium

Back 11

Separates bundle of axons

Front 12

Epineurium

Back 12

Enclose entire nerve trunk

Front 13

Spinal nerves are...

Back 13

Dorsal and ventral roots join together to form spinal nerve

Front 14

Dorsal rami is...

Back 14

Located posteriorly.
Innervate skin and muscles of back of the body.

Front 15

Ventral rami is...

Back 15

Located anteriorly.
Innervate skin and muscles of front of the body.

Front 16

Each rami contains...

Back 16

both sensory and motor information.

Front 17

The larger the diameter and the thicker the myelin sheath...

Back 17

the faster the conduction velocity.

Front 18

Name 3 plexus and the regions

Back 18

Cervical plexus = C1-C4
Brachial plexus = C5-T1
Lumbosacral = L1-L4
Lambar = Anterior
Sacral = Posterior

Front 19

Brachial plexus are formed by...

Back 19

Root, Trunk, Division, Cord and Branches

(Real Trojan Drink Cold Beer)

Front 20

Brachial plexus includes major nerves of the hand/arm. Name 4 nerves.

Back 20

Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve

Front 21

Brachial plexus injuries.
Name 4 types of injuries

Back 21

Avulsion injuries
Rupture injuries
Neuroma injuries
Stretch injuries

Front 22

What is Avulsion injuries in brachial plexus?

Back 22

The nerve is torn from its attachment to the spinal cord. The most serious type of injury.

Front 23

What is Rupture injuries in brachial plexus?

Back 23

The nerve is torn, but not at the spinal cord.

Front 24

What is Neuroma injuries in brachial plexus?

Back 24

These injuries result from scar tissuethat forms and puts pressure on the nerve.

Front 25

What is Stretch injuries in brachial plexus?

Back 25

These injuries, known as neuropraxia are the most common. The nerve is damaged but not torn.

Front 26

Birth injuries of brachial plexus and spinal region.

Back 26

Erb's palsy (C5-C6)
Klumpke's palsy (C8-T1)

Front 27

Dysfunction of peripheral nerves signs are...

Back 27

Sensory change
Motor change (paresis or paralysis)
Autonomic changes
Trophic changes

Front 28

Two types of neurophaties are...

Back 28

Mononeuropathy
Polyneuropathy

Front 29

Mononeuropathy is...

Back 29

Only involves singe nerve.
Focal dysfucntion.
Damage can be to the axon, myelin sheath, or both.
Causes by trauma such as repetitive stimuli, rpolonged compression or wounds may injure peripheral nerves.

Front 30

Class 1 Mononeuropathy

Back 30

Neuropraxia.
Traumatic myelinopathy.
For example, carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 31

Class 2 Mononeuropathy

Back 31

Axonotmesis
Traumatic axonopathy
Usually arise from crushing of the nerve secondary todislocation or closed fractures.
Axon cuts with membrane intact.

Front 32

Class 3 Mononeuropathy

Back 32

Neurotmesis
Severance
Excessve stretch r laceration physically divides the nerves.
Entire neuron cut - both axon and membrane.

Front 33

Plyneuropathies

Back 33

Involves several nerves.
Etiology can be toxic, metabolic autoimmune.
Usually bilateral symmetrical involvement.
Glove and stocking pattern - More distal than proximal.

Front 34

Examples of Polyneuropathies

Back 34

Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Demyelination of PNS.
Diabetic Neuropathy: Axons and myelin are damaged.

Front 35

3 types of Diabetic Neuropathy

Back 35

Peripheral neuropathy affect feel, legs, hands and arms.
Autonomic neuropathy affects heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, perspiration, bladder and bowel function.
Focal neuropathy affects a single nerve, usually in face, eyes or feet.

Front 36

Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves

Back 36

May begin as early as 3 hours after injury.
Axonal growth and reinnervation is possible.
Regeneration is slow (1-2mm/day)
Integrity of target tissue must be maintained.

Front 37

Prognosis of peripheral nerve regeneration are...

Back 37

Class 1 & 2 are good.
Class 3 is variable.
The more distal the lesion, the better the prognosis.