Peripheral Nervous System

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peripheral nervius system

Back 1

*all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord
* includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia and motor endings

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3 levels on neural intergration

Back 2

receptor level - sensory receptors
circuit level - ascending pathways
perceptual level - neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex

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processing at the circuit level

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1st order neurons - conduct impulses from the skin to the spinal cord or brain stem
2nd order - transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
3rd order - conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum

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processing at the perceptual level

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the thalamus projects fibers to the sematosensory cortex (sensations) and sonsory association areas (interpretation)
1st one modality is sent then those considering more then one.
the result is an internal consious image of the stimulus

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perceptual detection

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detecting that a stimulus has occurred and requitres summation

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magnitude estimation

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how much of a stumulus is acting

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spatial discrimination

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identifying the site or pattern of the stumulus

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feature abstraction

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used to identify a substance that has specific texture or shape (pocket)

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quality discrimination

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the ability to identify submodalities of a sensation (sweet or sour tastes)

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pattern recognition

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ability to recognize patterns in stimuli (melody, familiar face)

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the retina: ganglion cell exons

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run along the inner surface of the retina
leave the eye as the optic nerve

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the retina: the optic disk

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the site where the optic nerve leaves the eye
lacks photoreceptors (the blind spot)

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the retina: photoreceptors - rods

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repond to dim light
are used for peripheral vision

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the retina: photoreceptors - cones

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*respond to bright light
*have high-acuity color vision
*are found in the macula lutea
*are concentrated in the fovea centralis

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rods (functional charactoristics)

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*sensitive to dim light and best suited for night vision
*absorb all wavelengths of visible light
*perceived input is in gray tones only
*sum of visual input from many rods feeds into a single ganglion cell
*results in fuzzy and indistince images

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cones (functional characteristics)

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*need bright light for activation (have low sesitivity)
*have pigments that furnish a vividly colored view
*each cone synapses with a single ganglion cell
*vision is detailed and has high resolution

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depth perception

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*achieved by both eyes viewing the same image from slightly different angles
*3D vision results from cortical fusion of the slightly different images
*if only one eye is used, depth perception is lost and the observer must rely on learning clues to determine depth.

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chemical senses: gustation (taste)

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to substances dissolved in saliva

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chemical senses: olfaction (smell)

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to substances dissolved in fluids of the nasal membranes

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taste sensations

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sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami

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canial nerve I: olfactory

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S
sense of smell

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canial nerve II: optic

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S
vision

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canial nerve III: oculomotor

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M
raises the eyelid, directes the eyeball, constricts the iris, and controlles lens shape

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canial nerve IV: trochlear

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M
Directs the eyeball

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canial nerve V: trigeminal

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conveys SENSORY impulses from various areas of the face
supplies MOTOR fibers for mastication

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canial nerve VI: abdcuens

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primarily a MOTOR nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle

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canial nerve VII: facial

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B
facial expressions, and the transmits autonomic impulses to the lacrimal and salivary glands
*sensory function is tast from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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canial nerve VII: vestibulocochlear

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S
*2 divistions: cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance)
*funtions are solely sensory - equilibrium and hearing

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cranial nerve IX: glossopharyngeal

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B
tast and salivary gland

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canial nerve x: vagus

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B
*heart, lungs, and visceral organs
*taste

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canial nerve XI: accessory

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M
supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate

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canial nerve XII: hypoglossal

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M
contribute to swallowing and speech

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cervical plexus

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c1-c4
neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders

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brachial plexus

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c5-c8
innervates the upper limb

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lumbar plexus

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L1-L4
innervates they thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle

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sacral plexus

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L4-S4
innervates the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum

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reflex arc

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receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

Front 38

what vibrates to stimulate the hair cells to hear?

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tectorial membrane

Front 39

what do the stimulated hairs do?

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send impulses to the brain

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sound

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a pressure distrubance produced by a vibrating object and propagated by the molecules of the medium.

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frequency

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the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time

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wave length

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the distance between 2 consecutive crests

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amplitude

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hight of the sine wave crests that reveals a sounds intensity which is related to its energy

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loudness

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refers to our subjective interpretation of sound intesity.

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static equlibrium

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monitor the position of the head in space. key in posture. otholithic cells used

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dynamic equlibrium

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major stimuli is rotory movements. crista ampullaris used.

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parasympathetic division

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concerned with keeping the body energy level low. digestion, blood pressure, heart reate, and resperatory rates are low. skin is warm and pupils are constricted

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sympathetic division

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fight or flight system. exercise, excitment, emergency, and embarrassment. blood flow to organs reduces and go to the muscles.

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referred pain

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pain stimuli arising from the viscera are perceived as somatic in origin