Perceptual Deficits, Memory, Language & Emotion

Front 1

What is "Perception"?

Back 1

1. The integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information = Brain, Body, Environment.

Front 2

What is "Perceptual deficits"?

Back 2

1. Basic sensation must be intact for a deficit in perceptin.
2. Most, but not all, perceptual deficits are associated with the RIGHT hemisphere.

Front 3

What is "Agnosia"?

Back 3

1. Inability to recognize or make sense of incoming information despite intact sensory capabilities.
2. Can affect any modality (vision, audition, taste, etc.) and anything (faces, colors, objects).
3. Right hemisphere damage.
4. Acquired deficit.

Front 4

List 5 types of Agnosias.

Back 4

1. Alexia.
2. Anosognosia.
3. Prosopagnosia.
4. Asterognosis/Tactile agnosia.
5. Visual Object Agnosia

Front 5

What is "Alexia"?

Back 5

1. Also known as "dyslexia".
2. Inability to comprehend written language.

Front 6

What is "Anosognosia"?

Back 6

1. Lack of awareness of denial of severity of paralysis.
2. Lack of insight.
3. Frontal lobe damage.

Front 7

What is "Prosopagnosia"?

Back 7

1. Inability to recognize familiar face.
2. Be able to recgnize facial expression & emotion but not able to recognize the person.
3. Damage to fusiform gyrus.

Front 8

What is "Astereognosis"?

Back 8

1. Tacticle agnosia.
2. Inability to recognize objects by touch and manipulation alone.
3. Impared perception of shape, texture, temperature, weight, density.
4. Tactile recognition proecesses must be integrated with precision motor skills in order o extract salient contours and to enable appropriate handling of an object.

Front 9

What is "Visual Object Agnosia"?

Back 9

1. Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision.
2. Contralateral visula field.

Front 10

What is "Unilateral Neglect"?

Back 10

1. Also called "hemi-inattention", "hemi-spatial neglect".
2. Failure to respond or orient to stimuli presented contrarateral to brain lesion.
3. A failure to pay sufficient attention to sensory input.
4. Act as one side of the body or space does not exist.

Front 11

What area of brain is damaged in "Unilateral Neglect"?

Back 11

1. RIGHT hemisphere = Neglect usually affect LEFT side of the body.
2. Parietal lobe.

Front 12

What is the symptoms of "Unilateral Neglect"?

Back 12

1. Act as one side of the body or space does not exist.
2. Difficulty navigating enrironment.
3. Visual field deficit (i.e., contralateral homonymous hemianopia) often occur together.

Front 13

List 3 types of complex perceptual function.

Back 13

1. Visual perception.
2. Visual spatial.
3. Schema.

Front 14

What is "visual perception"?

Back 14

1. Ability to interpret information from visible light reaching the eye.
2. Form discrimination.
3. Figure ground discrimination.

Front 15

Wha is "visual spatial"?

Back 15

1. Ability to perceive or otherwise react to size, distance, or depth aspects of the environment.
2. Spatial relation.
3. Topographical orientation.

Front 16

What is "schema"?

Back 16

1. A mental structure that represents some aspect fo world.
2. Body schema awareness.
3. Right/left discrimination.
4. Finger agnosia (Gertsmann's Syndrome)

Front 17

What is "Form Discrimination"?

Back 17

Ability to perceive difference among and positional aspects of objects.

Front 18

What you may see with a child having a problem in visual discrimination?

Back 18

Unable to distinguish between similar geometirc shapes.
1. A square, a rectangle and a diamond.
2. Similar letter such and m and n.
3. Words such as hose, house and horse.

Front 19

What is "Figure Ground Discrimination"?

Back 19

Ability to differeniate foreground and background forms or objects.

Front 20

What is "Spatial relation"?

Back 20

Relating objects to each other or self.

Front 21

What is "Topographical orientation"?

Back 21

1. Determine the location of objects and settings and the route to the location.
2. Damage to RIGHT parietal lobe.

Front 22

What is "Body scheme awareness"?

Back 22

An internal awareness of the body and the relationship of body parts to each, other.

Front 23

What is "Right/Left discrimination"?

Back 23

1. Discriminate between right and left side fo the body.
2. Concepts of right and let applied to the external environment.

Front 24

What is "Finger Agnosia"?

Back 24

Impaired ability to identify fingers of one's own hands and/or those of another person.

Front 25

What is "Adult Onset Apraxia"?

Back 25

1. Impairment of the capacity to perform purposeful movement.
2. Not due to any primary sensory or motor impairment.
3. Not due to paralysis or paresis.
4. Not attributable to lack of comprehension, attention, or willingness to perform the movement.
5. A difict in the mental representation of specific aspects of action.

Front 26

What areas of brain is responsible for "Adult Onset Apraxia"?

Back 26

1. LEFT hemisphere.
2. Parietal lobe.
3. Frontal lobe.
4. Possible subcorical areas.

Front 27

What is "Limb Apraxia"?

Back 27

1. Adult onset apraxia.
2. Inability to carry out a motor command = Ideomotor.
3. Inability to create a plan for a specific movement = Ideational.
4. Difficulty using tools = Conceptual.

Front 28

What is "Constructional Apraxia"?

Back 28

1. Adult onset apraxia.
2. Inability to comprehend relationship of parts and whole.
3. Dificulty copying.
4. Difficulty in drawing and constructing 2 & 3D.

Front 29

What is "Dressing Apraxia"?

Back 29

1. Adult onset apraxia.
2. Inability to dress oneself.
3. May be many underlying problems: visula deficits, unilateral neglect, poor body shceme awareness, etc.

Front 30

What is "Developmental Dyspraxia"?

Back 30

1. Also known as "Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) or Clumsy Child Syndrome.
2. mpairement in the ability to plan and carry out skilled, nonhabitual motor acts in the correct sequence.
3. Not due to frank neurological damage = No actual neurological damage.

Front 31

What is "Memory"?

Back 31

1. Ability to store, retain, and recall information
2. Preception stored that can be brought forward.
3. Exists across all sensory modalities or can be modality specific.
4. Each memory i specific to brain region.

Front 32

For something to become a memory, 3 things must be happen. List 3.

Back 32

1. Registered (encoded).
2. Stored.
3. Retrived - Recall, recollection.

Front 33

List 3 types of memory.

Back 33

1. Emotional.
2. Declarative.
3. Procedural.

Front 34

What is "Emotional" memory?

Back 34

1. Memory for fear imvolves amygdala.
2. Little known.

Front 35

What is "Declarative" memory?

Back 35

1. Discrete information, depends on conscious reflection and cognitive processes.
2. Requires attention during recall.
3. Recollection and easily verbalized.

Front 36

List 2 types of declarative memory and explain each.

Back 36

1. Semantic memory - Facts. Independent to context. The memory of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences.
2. Episodic memory - Information specific to context. The memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly stated.

Front 37

What is "Procedural" memory?

Back 37

1. Motor memory.
2. Memory for how to do things - Skills learning and habits.
3. Happens without the need for conscious control or attention = More unconcious!

Front 38

"I know what a guitar is." What type of memory is this?

Back 38

Semantic memory. A part of declarative memory.

Front 39

"I remember buying my first guitar." What type of memory is this?

Back 39

Episodic memory. A part of declarative memory.

Front 40

"I remeber how to play a guitar" What type of memory is this?

Back 40

Procedural memory.

Front 41

List 3 stages of memory.

Back 41

1. Immediate memory (sensory rgister).
2. Short-term memory.
3. Long-term memory.

Front 42

What is "Immediate" memory?

Back 42

1. Last 1-2 seconds.
2. Information processed throught sensory area.

Front 43

What is "Short-term" memory?

Back 43

1. Brief storage of stimuli that have been registered and perceived.
2. The capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time.
3. Loss of information occurs within 1 minutes unless continuously reharsed.
4. Capacity limits about 4 to about 9 items.

Front 44

What is "Long-term" memory?

Back 44

1. Relatively permanent storage of information that has been processed in short-term memory.
2. Consolidation is conversion of short-term to longterm.
3. Large capacity.

Front 45

List 6 structures associated with memory.

Back 45

1. Hippocampus.
2. Amygdala.
3. Thalamic nuclei.
4. Mammilary body.
5. Prefrontal cortex.
6. Basal forebrain.

Front 46

What is the role of "hippocampus" in memory?

Back 46

1. The detection of novel events, places and stimuli.
2. The formation of new memories.

Front 47

What is the role of "amygdala" in memory?

Back 47

1. The formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events.
2. Fear conditioning.

Front 48

What is the role of "thalamic nuclei" in memory?

Back 48

1. Connection to cerebral cortex.

Front 49

What is the role of "mammilary body" in memory?

Back 49

1. A part of limbic system.
2. Act as a relay for impulses coming from the amygdalae and hippocampi, via the mamillo-thalamic tract to the thalamus.
3. The processing of recognition memory.
4. The element of smell to memories.

Front 50

What is the role of "prefrontal cortex" in memory?

Back 50

1. Store of short-term memory.
2. Executive function.
3. Planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior.

Front 51

What is the role of "basal forebrain" in memory?

Back 51

1. Important for production of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
2. Acetylcholine (Ach) affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another.

Front 52

How acetylcholine (Ach) affect memory?

Back 52

1. Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another.
2. Encourages plasticity, or learning.
3. Reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning.

Front 53

Damage to basal forebrain will lead to...

Back 53

Amnesia and confabulation.

Front 54

What is "Amneisa"?

Back 54

1. Partial or complete loss of memory.
2. Most often a temporary condition.
3. Seen after head injury, stroke, psychological trauma.

Front 55

List 2 types of amnesia.

Back 55

1. Retrograde amnesia.
2. Anterograde amnesia.

Front 56

What is "Retrograde" amnesia?

Back 56

1. Loss of memory of events before the precipitating trauma.
2. Damage to temporal lobe and hippocampus.
3.

Front 57

What is "Anterograde" amnesia?

Back 57

1. Loss of memory of events occurring after he injury.
2. Loss of day to day memory.
3. Loss of ability to create memory after the event that caused amnesia.

Front 58

What is "Korsadov's Syndrome"?

Back 58

1. Associated with chronic alcoholism or severe malnutrition.
2. Vitamin B1 deficiency.
3. Prgressive unless alcohol intake and nutrition are modified.
4. Anterograde and retrograde amneia.
5. Confabulation.

Front 59

What is "Confaulation"?

Back 59

Spontaneous narrative event that never happened.

Front 60

What part of the brain damage is associated with "Korsadov"s Syndrome"?

Back 60

1. Medial thalamus
2. Mammilary bodies of hypothalamus.

Front 61

What is Dementia?

Back 61

1. An acquired, generalized and often progressive impairment in cognition.
2. Occurs later in life.

Front 62

What are symptoms of dementia?

Back 62

1. Impairment ifn problem solving, learning, memory and orientation.
2. Additioal mental andbehavioral problem occurs.
3. Impaired judgement.
4. Interfere with ADLs

Front 63

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Back 63

1. Progressive, irreversible brain disorder.
2. Most common cause of dementia.
3. Poor prognosis - Death follows 5-10 years after diagnosis secondary to infection.

Front 64

What causes Alzheimer's disease?

Back 64

Unknow but possibly viral or genetic.

Front 65

What are symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 65

1. Initially, sign of forgetfulness.
2. Progressing to inability to recall words.
3. Failure to produce and comprehend language.
4. Become lost easily.
5. Late stages, neglect to dress, groom or feed themselves.

Front 66

What are 3 neuromechanism of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 66

1. Neurofibrillary tangle. Inside the axon. Tau (a protein) is abnormal and microtubule structure collapse.
2. Beta amyloid plaques. Extracellular accumulation of deposits of amyloid build up between neurons.
3. Decreased Ach

Front 67

What are structural changes associated with Alzheimer's disease?

Back 67

1. Cell loss and change in cell morphology, especially in basal nucleus.
2. Results in enlarged ventricles.
3. Atrophy of cerebral cortex, amygdala and hippocampus.

Front 68

What is language?

Back 68

1. The use of complex abstract symbols to represent one's perception of the world another.
2. Both innate and learned.

Front 69

What part of the brain is associate with language? List 5.

Back 69

1. Primary auditory area.
2. Secondary auditory area.
3. Wernicke's area.
4. Arcuate fasciculus.
5. Broca's area.

Front 70

What is the function of Wernicke's area?

Back 70

The understanding of written and spoken language.

Front 71

What is the function of Arcuate fasciculus?

Back 71

The neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex in the brain.

Front 72

What happens if Arcuate fascisulus is damage?

Back 72

Damage to this pathway can cause a aphasia, where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech.

Front 73

What is the function of Broca's area?

Back 73

Speech production = language production.

Front 74

What happens if Broca's area is damaged?

Back 74

Loss of ability to speak.

Front 75

What is Aphasia?

Back 75

1. An acquired language disorder in which there is an impairment of any language modality.
2. Difficulty in producing or comprehending spoken or written language.

Front 76

What is Receptive Aphasia?

Back 76

1. Also known as Wernicke's aphasia or fluent aphasia.
2. Dificit in comprehension of language.
3. Affect expression of language = Neologism (empty speech).
4. Usually severe reading and writing problems.
5. Damage to temporal lobe.

Front 77

What is Expressive Aphasia?

Back 77

1. Also known as Broca's sphasia.
2. Comprehension usually preserved but language production is not fluent.
3. Writing is also affected.
4. RIGHT hemiplegia almost always present.
5. Damage to LT side - Frontal lobe,
6. Wernicke's area is not affected but language is not the same.

Front 78

What is Glogal Aphasia?

Back 78

Unable to speak or comprehend language.

Front 79

What is Conduction Aphasia?

Back 79

1. Lesion of the white-matter pathways that connect Wernicke's and Broca's areas, especially arcuate fasciculus.
2. Can understand language and speak, but speech does not make sense.
3. Reading aloud abnormal but can read silently.

Front 80

What is Subcortical Aphasia?

Back 80

1. Partial or total loss of the ability to communicate verbally or using written words
2. Damage under cortical area.
3. Damage to non language-dominated areas of the brain.
4. Area associated with sparse language output and impaired articulation.

Front 81

What is Agraphia?

Back 81

1. Loss of writing ability in the absence of abnormality to a limb.
2. Damage to brain language centers.
3. Faulty written language use (alexia and aphasia).
4. Spelling errors, reversals and impaired word order.

Front 82

What is Alexia?

Back 82

1. Impairment in reading the printed word.
2. Acquired alexia = Reading impairment that accoumpanies or is a part of aphasia.
3. Also called "dyslexia" and

Front 83

What is Acalculia?

Back 83

Inability to perform mathematical calculation.