Perception And Cognition - Attention

Front 1

What were the results of Cherry's early dichotic listening task?

Back 1

1) Very little on unattended channel was picked up

2) CAN say whether it's a human or noise

3) CAN say gender and whether it changed or not

4) CANNOT tell language

5) CAN'T tell if speech is reversed or not

Front 2

How does the selective attention filter operate?

Back 2

Perceptual characteristics (eg left or right side of space) - NOT meaning

Front 3

What did the divided attention split-span procedure by Broadbent entail?

Back 3

3 digits were presented to each ear in pairs (eg 2, 9, 5 to left; 7, 6, 3 to right). They were told to either report pair by pair or ear by ear.

Front 4

What did Broadbent find?

Back 4

Performance was better when reporting ear by ear. Performance in pair by pair improved if presentation rate slowed down.

Sluggishness of channel switching

Front 5

What are the main components of Broadbent's filter model?

Back 5

1) Short term store - analysis of physical features operates in parrallel

2) Selective filter

3) A limited capacity channel operates serially

4) There's a rehearsal mechanism

Front 6

What is a stimulus set?

Back 6

Selection is based on physical properties of the input

Front 7

What is a response set?

Back 7

Reference to mental categories such as items that don't share a common physical property

Front 8

Is it more effective to select on the basis of a stimulus set or a response set?

Back 8

Stimulus set - they share characteristics

Front 9

What are the problems with the early filter model?

Back 9

1) It doesn't allow for divided attention

2) Rate of switching is slow because of dwell time of filter (300-500ms)

3) Some noticed their own name on the unattended channel

Front 10

What is the difference in the filter attenuation model?

Back 10

A small amount of information can get through to trigger the activation of familiar items, but it still isn't fully analysed

Front 11

What does a late selection theory suggest?

Back 11

When selection occurs, it isn't based on physical characteristics, it's based on meaning - analysis of everything

Front 12

What is Kahneman's capacity model?

Back 12

Limited amounts of processing can be allocated to so many tasks

Any task demands amounts of energy which depends on it's difficulty and the person's degree of experience

Allocation policy

Front 13

What is the basic result of Lavie's Perceptual Load Theory?

Back 13

If the load on analysis is slight, filtering doesn't take place and targets and non-targets are processed. When it's more demanding, more attention is given

Front 14

What is change blindness?

Back 14

Failures to detect changes in the immediate visual scene

Front 15

What is inattentional blindness?

Back 15

Failures to see highly visible objects even though we're looking at them

Front 16

What is feature search?

Back 16

Looking for primitive visual features eg colour or shape

Front 17

What is conjunction search?

Back 17

Conjoin 2 features eg a green T

Front 18

What are the characteristics of automatic processes?

Back 18

1) fast

2) effortless

3) obligatory

4) unavailable to conscious awareness

5) arises as a result of practice

6) processing without attention

7) no capacity demands

8) development of automaticity represents the gradual withdrawal of attention`

Front 19

What are the two key guided search factors?

Back 19

1) target/non-target similarity - easier to find a target if it is very dissimilar to non-target

2) non-target/similarity = easier to find a target if the non-targets are all highly similar

Front 20

What did Anderson et al find about value-driven attentional capture?

Back 20

Negative correlation between visual working memory capacity and magnitude of distraction

Front 21

What were the two types of tasks in Schneider and Shiffrin's study of controlled vs automatic processing?

Back 21

1) Consistent mapping eg digits always targets, letters always non-targets. Targets and non-targets are never interchanged

2) Varied mapping eg targets and non-targets are interchangeable across trials.

Front 22

What are the 4 types of cuing characteristics?

Back 22

1) Peripheral predictive = FAST

2) Central predictive = SLOW

3) Peripheral non-predictive = DISSIPATES

4) Central non-predictive = NO EFFECT

Front 23

What are the 2 key ideas of multi-sensory integration?

Back 23

1) What does it mean conceptually?

- Representations and processes which determine how information from different senses are combined

2) What does it mean neurally?

- Are cells particularly sensitive to different combinations of signals?