Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
PERCEPTION Key Concepts |
Sensation - collecting info. from sense organs, e.g. eyes Perception - interpreting and making sense of sensory info. The difference between sensation and perception: Shape Constancy - we perceive that shapes remain constant even when the light hitting our eyes changes shape, e.g. door opening doesn't change shape |
|
|
Key Concepts 3 |
Depth Perception - adding a 3rd dimension to images; working out
how far away objects are by using depth cues: 1. Linear perspective, the closer the converging lines are, the further away an object is 2. Height in the plane, the higher up an object appears, the further away it is 3. Relative Size, the smaller a familiar object appears, the further away it is. 4. Superimposition, an object overlapping another appears closer. 5. Texture gradient, textured surfaces appear smoother and less detailed as they get further away |
|
|
Core Theory: Constructive Theory |
Theory say that we construct our perception of the world based on past experience. It argues that perception is learnt rather than innate. Perception is controlled by top-down processing: it is dominated by what we expect to see, i.e. the brain overrules the eyes Perception is influenced by perceptual set - tendency to see some things more than others, based on expectations, context (rat-man figure), motivation and culture. |
|
|
Limitations of Core Theory: Constructive Theory |
All people perceive the world in a similar way - if past experience and learning perception, why don't people across the world perceive differently? Studies suggest that babies perceive faces, patterns and heights before they have had a chance to learn from experience, so some perception must be innate. We are still fooled by illusions after we have learnt about them - this suggest that some perception is innate |
|
|
Alternative Theory: Nativist Theory |
Theory says that perception is instinctive It argues that perception is a bottom-up process, i.e. it is dominated by the info, from the eyes, so perception is data-driven. Info. is instantly interpreted by the brain with no need for thinking. |
|
|
Core Study: Haber & Levin |
AIM: To see whether distance perception was innate or learnt. RESEARCH METHOD: Lab experiment ( wasn't lab, but place & time of experimenters choosing), Repeated Measures Design (repeated on each participant for each condition) PARTICIPANTS: 9 male colleg students, tested for good eyesight |
|
|
Core Study: H&L Results |
PROCEDURE: The participants had to estimate the distance of objects in 3 sections of a field: familiar objects of known size, familiar objects with a variable size, and geometric shapes. RESULTS: Participants' estimates of distance were most accurate for familiar objects of a known size (e.g. milk bottle, door) CONCLUSION: Participants were using their past experience, so distance perception is top-down (constructive) |
|
|
Limitations of Cores Study: H&B |
Method: -lab experiments have low ecological validity - it was unreliable task and setting where extraneous variables were carefully controlled -Measuring how familiar participants are with objects is subjective - did participants perceive the size of familiar objects Sample: -sample was small and biased, so we can't generalise the findings to all people. |
|
|
Application: Advertising |
Research in perception helps advertisers make their products look better: SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES - some psychologists think that hidden msgs can cause an unconscious desire for a product. e.g. when French music was played in a supermarket, more french wine was brought EMOTION VS LANGUAGE - emotional images in an advert should be shown on the left side on the screen, so it goes to the right side of the brain, which interprets emotion. - words should be shown on the right side of the screen, so it goes to the left side of the brain, which interprets language. |
|
|
Application: Advertising 2 |
Context
How product is presented, and what surrounds it, affect how it is perceived: - a pie on a small plate looks bigger - a young, glamorous model makes clothes they are wearing look better - a car driven by a women would appeal more to women |
|
|
Key Concepts 2 |
Colour Constancy - we perceive that colours remain constant even when the light hitting out eyes change colour
Illusions - a mismatch between sensation and perception, where we misinterpret data |
