Perception

Front 1

Perceptual segregation

Back 1

– working out which parts of the visual information form separate objects, working out where it is before what it is.

Front 2

gestaltists fundamental principle

Back 2

the law of pragnanz: of several geometrically possible organisations that one will actually occur which possesses the best simplest and most stable shape. The other principles subsumed under pragnanz – proximity, similarity(similar elements grouped together), law of closure-missing parts filled in. claim no learning is needed

Front 3

Figure-ground segregation

Back 3

one part of visual field is identifies as the figue (having distinct form or shape, and infront of the ground) the rest becomes ground ( less important and lacks form).

Front 4

The mcgerk effect

Back 4

When cues from different modalities cross over, eg visual stimuli and auditory stimuli. A demonstration was with a vid of two instances of the same man side by side, the audio was of him saying “bah”. On the right his mouth moved in sync with the word, on the left he was mouthing far. How we perceive the mouth moving can change how we perceive the auditory cue, looking at the man mouthing “far” can cause us to hear far, even though he was saying bah all the time. The brain will use the most reliable cue to decide the correct perception/interpretation.

Front 5

Simultagnosia

Back 5

: can only focus on one thing at a time, when looking at an object they can’t see anything else. Also called an attention disorder, because they can’t see anything else other than what they are currently focusing on, how can they attend to other things if they can’t see them? This is a parietal lobe agnosia

Front 6

configural processing/sensitisation

Back 6

the way we see differences in faces and other objects is because we are sensitive to second order configuration, that is changes to the distance between the eyes, distance tween nose and mouth, and subtle configural changes like mouth changing shape and narrowing of eyes in facial expressions.

Front 7

Holistic processing

Back 7

when we respond to a face we respond to it as a whole that cant be broken down any further, unlike with objects that we can break down into its parts we cant recognise a face if we only see a part of it. FFA is key in configural sensitivity and doesn't respond when we only see part of a face. Demonstrated with part-whole effect and composite effect

Front 8

part-whole effect

Back 8

shown a whole face (Larry), then 2 whole face versions of Larry side by side, one of them has the nose changed, then ppl asked which one has larrys real nose and which one doesn't. Children/ppl without prosopagnosia can tell the difference easily as long as the nose is presented within the context of the entire face. If just the nose is shown ppl are bad at telling the difference because when you see the whole face you respond with FFA, when just the nose is presented FFA doesnt respond so lose extra sensitivity and surrounding info that helps tell if nose is different. The change in the nose changes the witdht of the mouth, height of the eyes etc, so when shown in the whole context of the face one can see the configural difference in all the parts. The part-whole effect only happens with human faces.

Front 9

The composite effect

Back 9

– only happens with faces. Half of a face is more difficult to recognise if it is paired with half of another face than if it was presented unpaired. One whole face is presented, then the top half of that face is paired with the bottom half of a different persons face. The pairing is obvious and one can clearly see that it is 2 different faces, and even though it is clear that there is a split in the middle of the faces FFA responds to the configuration and tells the brain that it is one face, one identity. In another condition the 2 halves are presented misaligned, so FFA doesn't respond and doesn't recognise it as a face. So its like being shown the top half on its own. People

Front 10

Endogenous System

Back 10

under conscious control – engaged when we decide what to pay attention to. ignoring of central cues is due to them already being in immediate visual field so it was already attention to so ppl are able to control where they set their attention goes. Is goal directed, person directs attention, occurs in dorsal areas of the brain.

Front 11

Exogenous System

Back 11

automatic system where one has no conscious control. Attention is grabbed by stimuli in visual field, by salience etc. if not focused on something you have no control over it. Person cant direct attention, stimulus driven (not goal directed), ventral stream

Front 12

Central Cue

Back 12

Appears above fixation cross, cues where a probe will appear on screen, causing covert attention to that area.
If a central cue is unreliable most of the time ppl ignore it, they can inhibit the response to the direction cue in either way so they can respond just as quickly either way

Front 13

Peripheral cue

Back 13

Cue presented in periphery of screen.
cue keeps their attention in the periphery, their attention is being captured by a task irrelevant cue, they know it is unreliable but cant inhibit their attention to it and respond. And so responding is slower when probe appears on the opposite side.

Front 14

persistent neglect

Back 14

ppl who are not able to perceive, tend to ignore or not notice half of the visual field, occurs contralateraly, if damage on right hemisphere get left hemi neglect. Not just about not being able to see it all, just don’t notice they didn’t see something. Not due to damage in endogenous control, if they want to direct attention to the left they can, it’s the exogenous system, stimuli in the left side of the world is not able to attract their attention.

Front 15

Feature intergration theory

Back 15

• Objects processed by breaking down into their features (only perceive features not the entire object)
• All features processed pre-attentively in parallel (don’t have to consciously look at that part in the spatial array). Parallel means all at the same time
• Features not combined into the whole object until you focus on the object