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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are gestalt principles?
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A set of rules that help us organize the things we perceive in the world as objects
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What are reversible figures?
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You can voluntarily change the perception of one thing to appear as another
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How active a participant is the observer in the act of perception?
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More active than you would think
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Explain more about Gestalt principles.
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The observer has tendencies built in to perceive things in the environment as being one way or another
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What is proximity?
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Things that are closer together tend to be grouped together perceptually
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What is similarity?
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We group similar objects together perceptually
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Does similarity override proximity?
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Yes
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What is good continuation?
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We organize things as being together which appear to be a continuous line.
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What do we perceive symmetrical things as?
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Objects; everything else is background
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What is figure/ground differentiation?
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The distinction between objects and background
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What are symmetrical objects perceived as?
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The figure, not the ground
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Explain more about figure/ground differentiation.
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The greater dissimilarity between objects, the greater perception of segregation into different surfaces.
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What is the Principle of Common Fate?
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Things that move together tend to be perceived as part of the same object.
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Do your brains fill in movement?
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Yes
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What is the phi phenomenon?
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Two lights flashing side by side are not seen as two different bulbs, but as one light jumping from one point to another
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How do we perceive movies?
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All movement in movies is generated by your brain; a movie is actually a series of stationary pictures. Your brain fills in the apparent motion that occurs between each of these pictures.
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What do Gestalt Principles seek?
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The simplest perceptual answer to a question. What you perceive is more than the sum of its parts (or little pieces). The observer is using organizing principles to put together the little pieces (for example, so that we perceive columns of dots instead of a collection of a number of dots).
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When do Gestalt Principles operate?
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Every time you open your eyes and look at a scene by helping you parse the scene into separate objects plus their background.
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What do Gestalt Principles show?
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That we've developed in our nervous systems a good comprehension of the physics of our ecology.
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What is illusory contour?
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When the suggestion of a triangle is superimposed over three colored circles (one at each corner), we see a triangle and 3 circles, not 3 "pacman-like objects". (This is also called the Kanisza Triangle.)
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What is the Duck/Rabbit illusion?
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A. People can be made to see a duck or a rabbit by being shown an illustration of one or the other first; this is called a perceptual set.
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What is a perceptual set?
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The tendency to perceive new, incoming information as being the same as previously seen information; we assimilate incoming knowledge to existing structures.
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Why is it useful to use prior information in real life?
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Because it makes you recognize what you're looking at much faster.
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The "be cool" example:
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An example of top-down processing.
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What is bottom-up processing?
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This would be used in figuring out what a word is based on its individual letters.
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What is top-down processing?
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This is when we figure out what the "big chunks" are before the little pieces
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What is the context effect?
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It aides in helping you figure out what an object is
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What is the word superiority effect?
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It can be studied using a Tachistiscope (or T-scope).
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What is a T-scope?
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A device for looking at something very fast.
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What is a T-scope useful for?
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Presenting visual stimuli for precisely controlled periods of time.
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What is iconic memory?
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An image lasts after you shut your eyes or the stimulus is removed.
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What does the visual system continue to do after the removal of a stimulus?
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It continues to respond to the stimulus after its removal as if it was still there
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What is the masking stimulus?
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It serves to interrupt iconic memory
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What is the pandemonium theory?
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It is inspired by early neurophysiological research regarding feature detectors.
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What happens at each level in pandemonium theory?
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Different detection "demons" operate
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What is the first level of the pandemonium theory?
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It involves an "image demon," which records an image presented on the retina
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What is the second level of the pandemonium theory?
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It involves "feature demons," which each have a preferred characteristic they look for
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What is overt orienting?
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You can see where someone is attending/responding (this is denoted by a head turn or a shift in the eyes.)
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What is covert orienting?
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You can't see what someone is attending to
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What is a geon?
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A series of small units that together comprise an object
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What is a covert exogenous system?
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Exogenous systems come from outside of a person (are controlled by events outside of you). These are reflexive, and involve responses to the external events.
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What is a covert endogenous system?
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Endogenous systems come from within a person (self-generated control of attention). This is the voluntary reorienting of attention.
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What is Exogenous Orienting of Attention?
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When you involuntarily redirect your attention to something else
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Why does alcohol interfere with driving?
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Driving requires continuous movement of attention. Alcoholically impaired subjects sometimes perform better on simple, button-pressing tasks, because these require that attention stays fixated; this is the complete opposite of driving.
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What are the two metaphors for attention?
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Attention is like a spotlight and attention acts like glue.
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How does attention act like glue?
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Different parts of the brain analyze different properties of the stimulus.
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What are illusory conjunctions?
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When you have unattended locations, the stimulus attributes don't get glued together
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Does attention act as a filter?
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Yes
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What is change blindness?
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When you show people a visual scene in which something gradually changes, and they don't notice it
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What is parallel search?
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Where we evaluate distractor and target at the same time
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What is serial search?
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Where we search each one at different times
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What is search asymmetry?
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When it takes longer to find what you're looking for when distractors aren't what you are used to seeing
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What is conjunction search?
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When you combine features
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What are the two main topics studied in auditory pattern perception?
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Music and speech
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What is music perception?
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How each instrument is spatially localized
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What is chroma?
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What you perceive a note as being?
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What is the McGurk effect?
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A compromise between what it looks like someone is saying and what it sounds like someone is saying
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Which type of search does feature-absent search involve?
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Serial
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Which type of search does feature-present search involve?
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parallel
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What is conjunction search?
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The target is a conjunction of two things, such as form and color
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What are cross-racial recognition effects?
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We are not as good at seeing individual differences between people we are not used to looking at
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What is the just noticeable difference threshold?
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The amount of change you must put into a stimulus before subjects notice that it is different
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