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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between rods and cones?
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Rods: not sensible to colour, sensible to dim light
Cones: sensible to colour |
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What are the two types of sensory memory?
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Iconic memory - visual
Echoic memory - auditory |
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What is the Sperling experiment?
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Flash matrix of letters
Calculate duration + amount of iconic memory storage Very sensible to delay Partial report is better than whole report |
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What is the experiment by Darwin, Turvey & Crowder?
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3 simultaneous messages (right ear, left ear, stereo)
Calculates duration + amount of echoic memory storage Partial report a little better than whole report Slower decay than iconic memory |
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What is the Treisman experiment?
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A shadowing task (echoic memory)
Task: repeat message heard in ear A; ignore ear B When same message is on… - At the same time: they know - With a lag: they can tell, up to 4.5 seconds - Preceding: can tell, up to 1.5 seconds Conclusion: Echoic memory lasts 1.5 seconds |
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What does the blindsight example tells us?
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Blindfield of vision
People believe they are really blind in that area, but they answer questions better than chance. It is perception without awareness |
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What is the difference between apperceptive and associative visual agnosia?
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Apperceptive: can't put features together to make meaningful objects
Associative: can't associate objects with their meaning (ex: wife/hat) |
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What is congenital amusia?
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Pitch perception impairment (but unconsciously perceive pitch - aka can sing)
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What's another name for priming?
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Subliminal perception
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Pattern recognition is an example of…
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Bottom up processing
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What is the Hoffding function?
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Process whereby an emerging perception makes contact with a memory trace. Therefore, we can't recognize something that has no connection to our prior experiences.
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What is template matching? What is the problem with that?
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Theory according to which stimulus matches stored prototypes
Problem for real world objects --> you would need way too many templates |
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Who made the Multiple Trace Memory model? What is it?
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Hintzman. Model according to which a memory trace is the average of experiences and variations.
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What is the feature detection model?
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Model according to which we recognize objects by their features, not as a whole matching a template.
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Give an example of the Feature detection model. Who elaborated it? How does it work?
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The Pandemonium, by Selfridge.
The image demon encodes the image; Features demons spot the different features in the image; the Cognitive demons recognize the pattern; the Decision demon makes the final decision. It’s parallel processing. |
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What’s contrast energy?
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The higher the contrast energy, the better the perception and encoding.
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What is the Recognition by Components model, and who developed it?
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Biederman. Decomposing 3D objects into basic shapes (36 geons). Discontinuities in surface are important, and so are junction points and details.
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What is the Feature Integration Theory and who developed it?
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Treisman. Features must be extracted from objects prior to attending to those objects. Two types of processing: pre-attentive and attentive.
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What is the difference between pre-attentive and attentive processing?
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Pre-attentive: simple features from external world. Outside of awareness. Unlimited, in parallel, on all items of visual field.
Attentive: conjunctions of features sharing a location. Limited capacity, conscious, serial. |
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Give 3 examples of top-down processing.
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Letters : jumbled word effect; word superiority effect (easier to perceive a letter in a word)
Pandemonium: cognitive demons are yelling to shut up because they know the answer. Perceptual filling-in: blind spot; words better identified in conversation; don’t notice when a sound is missing in a sentence. |
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Give two examples of cross-modal illusions.
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Ventriloquist; McGurk effect.
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Summarize Gestalt psychology.
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The whole is larger than the sum of its parts.
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What do the Gestalt theory uses to prove its points?
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- Bi-stable figures
- Grouping principles |
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What are the grouping principles?
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Proximity, closure, similarity, good continuation, common fate, meaning (good form)
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What are the criticisms formulated against Gestalt psychology?
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All else is rarely equal
Grouping principles can contradict each other It doesn’t explain anything, it is merely descriptive |
