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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The set of processes by which we recognize,
organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli |
Perception
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Experiences resulting from stimulation of the
senses |
Perception
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What is area V1? What is it for?
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Primary Visual Cortex
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What is area V2? What is it for?
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Secondary Visual Cortex
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What is area V3? What is it for?
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Dynamic Form
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What is area V4 for?
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Color Processing in visual cortex
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What is area V5 for?
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Motion Processing in visual cortex
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composed of the
receptive fields of the individual neurons that make up that map |
projection map
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Area of sensory space
to which a neuron responds |
Receptive fields
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what is an example of a topographic projection map?
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Somatotopic map (sensory homunculus)
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Neurons respond not just to specific sensory locations but also to
specific sensory_____, which are called __________ |
features
feature detectors |
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Hubel and Weisel found:
_____ cells respond best to bars of light of a particular orientation and _____ cells respond best to oriented moving bars of light with a specific length |
simple
complex |
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Ability to discriminate signal from noise (signal detection)
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sensitivity
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Tendency to provide one answer over the other
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bias
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Signal Detection Theory - sensitivity depends on...
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Distinctiveness and variability of internal responses
(overlap of distributions) |
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Signal Detection Theory -
bias depends on... |
How lopsided the evidence must be to say that the
target is “present” or “absent” (location of the response criterion) |
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For the signal detection lab, what was sensitivity quantified as?
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d' or d-prime
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for the signal detection lab, what was bias quantified with
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C
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Signal Detection was based on:
a) b) |
a)Discriminability of target, i.e. sensitivity
b) Location of response criterion, i.e. bias |
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Perception starts with the senses
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Bottom‐up processing
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Perception starts with the brain
– Person’s knowledge, experience, expectations |
Top‐down processing
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What do direct perception theories suggest?
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Bottom‐up processing
– Perception comes from stimuli in the environment – Parts are identified and put together, and then recognition occurs |
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What do constructive perception theories suggest?
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Top‐down processing
– People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations |
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We perceive objects by perceiving elementary
features called geons |
Recognition‐by‐components theory (RBC)
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what are the characteristics of geons from the RBC theory?
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Discriminability
– geons can be distinguished from other geons from almost all viewpoints Resistance to visual noise – geons can be perceived in “noisy” conditions Distinctiveness: – 36 different geons have been identified |
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According to the recognition by components theory, Objects are recognized by identifying ____
and their ________ |
geons
relationships |
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The key to object recognition is not the amount
of information, but the ability to identify its components (geons) |
Principal of Componential Recovery
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Perceived size is a function of both...
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bottom‐up
and top‐down processing |
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Top‐down theory
• Our perceptions result from unconscious assumptions we make about the environment – We use our knowledge to inform our perceptions |
Helmholtz’s Theory Of
Unconscious Inference |
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we perceive the world in
the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences |
Likelihood principle
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Heuristic =
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"rule of thumb"
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The mind groups patterns according to laws of
perceptual organization • These “laws” are actually heuristics based on what usually happens in the environment |
Gestalt psychology
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Lines tend to be seen as following the
smoothest path |
Law of good continuation
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Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting
structure is as simple as possible |
Law of good figure (simplicity or prägnanz)
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Similar things appear grouped together
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law of similarity
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Nearby objects appear grouped together
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Law of proximity
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Separate elements will tend to be grouped to
form closed figures |
Law of closure
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Things are more likely to form groups if the
groups appear familiar or meaningful |
Law of familiarity
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Integrates bottom‐up
and top‐down processes e.g. input -> feature detectors -> letter <-> word |
Interactive Activation Theory
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Neurons become tuned to respond best to
what we commonly experience |
Experience dependent plasticity
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inflicting one kind of damage (lesion) in which performance differs across two tasks
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single dissociation
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inflicting two kinds of damage
1 different one to each subject in which performance differs across two tasks |
DOUBLE DISSOCIATION
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for patient D.F.
What couldn't he do and what area was damaged? |
Severely impaired
form perception - damaged areas in the Ventral stream (occipital and temporal lobes) |
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A disorder of space exploration and space
cognition... • A cluster of co‐occuring visuomotor & visuospatial disturbances • Results from Bilateral Posterior Parietal damage – dorsal stream! |
Balint's Syndrome
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experiencing a sensory impression
in the absence of sensory input |
Mental imagery
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“seeing” in the absence of a visual
stimulus |
Visual imagery
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Kosslyn (1973)
– Memorize picture, create an image of it – In image, move from one part of the picture to another What were the results and conclusions from this experiment? |
• It took longer for participants to mentally move long
distances than shorter distances – Like perception, imagery is spatial |
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What was Lea's critique of Kosslyn's experiment of mental travel?
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More distractions when scanning longer distances
may have increased reaction time |
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When Kosslyn did an experiment testing subjects time it took to move from different locations on a generated map of an island?
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It took longer to scan between greater distances
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Pylyshyn claimed imagery was ________ and an _______
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propositional
epiphenomenon |
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Pylshyn's claim that imagery can be represented by abstract symbols
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imagery as propositional
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Pylshyn- imagery accompanies real mechanisms but is not actually part of it
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epiphenomenon
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what was Pylshyn's interpretation of Kosslyn's mental scanning experiment?
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Longer scanning time when more propositional/word links must be traversed
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Kosslyn’s (1978) results can be explained by our
using real‐word knowledge unconsciously – E.g. we know it takes longer to actually travel from Port Hardy to Campbell River than from Nanaimo to Victoria |
Pylshyn's Tacit‐knowledge explanation
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What was Finke and Pinker's experiment and what was their results?
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Participants judge whether arrow points to a dot
previously seen – Longer reaction time when greater distance between arrow and dot (as if they were mentally “traveling”) – Not instructed to use visual imagery – No time to memorize, no tacit knowledge |
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• Using response time to infer the content, duration, and
sequencing of cognitive processes |
Mental chronometry
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What were the results from Shepard and Meltzer's mental roatation experiment?
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The time it takes to determine if the objects
are the same is proportional to the difference in viewing angle of the objects. • As if we “mentally rotate” one object to match the other object. |
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What was Perky's results from projecting a very faint object on a screen and asking individuals to describe the same object that was on the screen?
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Descriptions matched the projected image
– Participants NOT aware of projected image – Confused mental image and perception |
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What were the results from Farah's letter visualization experiment?
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the target letter was detected more accurately when the participant had been imagining the same letter
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What was the significance of Farah's experiment?
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perception and imagery share mehanisms
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