Peptide Bond

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Polypeptide

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peptides are short and polypeptides/proteins are long.

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Dipeptides

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molecule consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond

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Anabolism

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set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.

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Catabolism

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set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. In catabolism, large molecules such as polysaccharides, fatty acids, nucleic acids and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides and amino acids, respectively

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Dehydration synthesis

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chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule. When this small molecule is water, it is known as a dehydration reaction

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Hydrolysis

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chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers. Water is added in this reaction.

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Substrate

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a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s).

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Active site

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The active site of an enzyme contains the catalytic and binding sites. The structure and chemical properties of the active site allow the recognition and binding of the substrate.

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Metabolic pathway

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series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. In each pathway a principal chemical is modified by chemical reactions. These reactions are accelerated, more accurately catalyzed, by enzymes.

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Rate-limiting enzyme

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Controls the rate at which a metabolic pathway functions. It is the first in the series.

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Cofactors

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non-protein chemical compound that is bound tightly to an enzyme and is required for catalysis i.e. elements such as copper, zinc, or iron

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Coenzyme

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Small organic molecules, ie vitamins.

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Vitamins

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essential organic molecules, cannot be synthesize by the body.

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Energy

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is the capacity to change something.; ability to do work.

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Adenosine Triphosphate

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ATP Molecule that carries energy in the form that a cell can use.

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Adenosine Triphosphate Main Parts:

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Adenine, a ribose, 3 phosphates.

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Adenosine Diphosphate

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ADP When ATP loses its terminal phosphate. ADP only has 2 phosphates.

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Phosphorylation

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When ATD is resynthesized from an ADP by using energy released from cellular respiration to reattach a phosphate.

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Oxidation

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describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion

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Reduction

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describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion

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Cellular respiration

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is the process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it avaible for cellular use.

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Cellular respiration 3 distinct phases?

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Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain.

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Aerobic reaction

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requires oxygen

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Glycolysis

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"The Breaking down of glucose", It is 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions that break down 6-carbons glucose molecules into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.

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Main events of Glycolysis stage 1:

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Glucose is phosphorylated by addition of two phosphate; one at each end of the molecule, requires ATP.

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Glycolysis Phase 2

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6 carbon glucose molecules spilt into two 3 carbon molecules.

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Glycolysis Phase 3

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Electron carrier NAHD is produced.
ATP & NAHD sysnthesized.
Two 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules prodcued.

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NAD+

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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen carrier

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Lactic Acid

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produced from NAHD+H+ gives electrons and hydrogen back to pyruvic acid.

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Anaerobic conditions in the electron transport train.

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when the train can no long unload electons or accept from NADH. NADH+h+ and pyruvic acid form Lactic Acid, build up inhibits Glycolysis

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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DNA

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Chromosomes

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Long molecules of DNA and associated proteins.

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Genes

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The portion of the a DNA molecule that contains genetic information for making a particular protein.

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Four groups of organic molecules

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Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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Genome

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The complete set of genetic instructions in a cell.

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DNA Nucleotide Base many be one of four

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Adenine(A) two ring structure, binded to Thymine(T) single ring structure.
Guanine (G) a two ring ring structure, binds to Cytosine (C)single ring structure.

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Complementary Base Pairs of DNA

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Adenine (A) & Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) & Cytosine (C)

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DNA Replication

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The process that creates an exact copy of a DNA molecule.

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Antiparallel

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Parallel of two lines but in opposite directs.

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How DNA an RNA Differ.

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RNA Single Stranded, necleotides have ribose not deoxyribose sugar. add pg 129

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Ribosome is composed of?

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A ribosome paricle is made of unequale subunits of Ribosomal RNA and protein molecules.

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Repair Enzymes

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Clips out mismatched nucleotides in a single DNA strand and fill the resulting gap with nucleotide complementary to those on the other strand. Restoring the DNA molecule.

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Mutagens

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Are chemicals & types of radiation that cause mutations.