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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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purpose of surveillance |
-record frequency and distribution of disease and related factors (establish priorities) -generate hypotheses about disease causation and dynamics -recognize new or reemerging diseases (recognize problems that deserve attention) -monitor efficacy of control programs -determine health status of populations |
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surveillance reveals... |
-how disease is spread by movement of hosts and vectors -anomalies in disease spread |
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NARMS |
-collaboration among CDC, USDA, FDA -goal-determine how much antimicrobial resistance may be attributed to the use of antimicrobials in animal production which impacts human health |
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OIE/World Health Organization for Animals |
-intergovernmental organization responsible for improving animal health worldwide -validation and certification of diagnostic assays -improve surveillance -countries are signitaries of OIE -if have transboundary disease, must report to OIE w. in 24 hrs--trade/economic implications |
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of UN |
-joint programs to address diseases incl. rabies, FMD, peste des petits ruminants -ensure judicious use of veterinary drugs w. WHO -look at antimicrobial resistance |
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USDA-APHIS |
-surveillance for foreign animal disease, domestic disease, eradication and control programs -CEAH amd NAHMS coordinate animal surveillance by federal and state government -Vet Net performs foodborne disease surveillance, feeds into human foodborne disease surveillance; collects isolates for NARMS |
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PADLS |
-tripartite lab system--Harrisburg, NBC, Penn State -Early warning system -Rapid and accurate identification of contagious diseases |
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passive surveillance |
-animals are brought to the attention of agencies b/c they are suspected of being a case (ex. meat inspection) -has potential for bias -least expensive method |
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active surveillance |
-goal: detect sub-clinical and carrier animals -examine healthy animals -more expensive and labor intensive -sentinel populations -focuses on high risk areas -increases positive predictive value |
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sentinel surveillance systems |
-animals act as sentinels for HUMAN disease -animals act as sentinels for ANIMAL disease -criteria 1) susceptible 2) survive 3) produce antibodies 4) no human risk 5) low viremia |
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importance of having baseline data |
-good to have so you know if "something is happening" ex. introduction of antihelminthics and prevalence of Ancylostoma |
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screening |
-to specifically identify diseased or infectious individuals -goal: separate healthy "looking" animals w. disease from truly healthy or disease-free animals -usually encountered in the context of disease eradication/infection control programs -very strenuous effort to avoid misclassification |
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screening vs. surveillance |
SURVEILLANCE 1) measures frequency of disease occurrence 2) doesn't matter which animal is infected 3) informs policy 4) has consequences for what we do to other animals SCREENING 1) matters which animal has disease 2) consequences for individual animals 3) results of screening tests determine next step |
