Penney-Limbic System

Front 1

The limbic system links a group of functionally related structures that are interposed between the _______ & _______.

Back 1

Cerebral cortex & Diencephalon

Front 2

The limbic system consists of what structures?

Back 2

1. Hippocampal formation
2. Septal area
3. Amygdala
4. Prefrontal cortex
5. Cingulate Gyrus
and some authors include the hypothalamus

Front 3

What is a critical property of the limbic structures?

Back 3

To modulate the functions normally attributed to the hypothalamus and/or midbrain PAG

Front 4

Limbic structures receive inputs from at least two sources:
1) ?
2) ?

Back 4

1. From one or more sensory systems either directly or indirectly thru interneurons in CC

2. From brainstem monoaminergic fiber systems

Front 5

Limbic neurons project directly or indirectly to the _____ and/or _________

Back 5

Hypothalamus and/or midbrain PAG

Front 6

While the hippocampal formation has few if any direct connections with the lateral hypothalamus, it is known to modulate functions associated with the hypothalamus. What structure forms the underlying anatomical synaptic relay subserving regulation of the hypothalamus by the hippocampal formation?

Back 6

Septal area.

Fibers located in the precommissural fornix supply the septal area in an extensive and topographical manner. In turn, the septal area projects significant numbers of fibers to the lateral and medial regions of the hypothalamus. In this manner, the septal area serves as a relay for the transmission of signals from the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamus.

Front 7

What constitutes the Papez Circuit?

Back 7

Hippocampal formation-->mammillary bodies--> anterior thalamic nucleus-->cingulate gyrus-->Entorhinal Cortex/hippocampal formation

Front 8

A 49-year-old male showed changes in emotional behavior over the past few months. Several characteristics of his behavior included heightened sexuality, a very placid appearance, and making physical contact with almost anything that he could touch. The neurologist's diagnosis was that the patient was exhibiting Kluver-Bucy syndrome. An MRI was given to the patient and a small vascular lesion was detected.

What structure is most likely to contain the lesion?

Back 8

Amygdala.

In this syndrome, produced experimentally in monkeys and also seen in cats, there is an extreme change in the personality of the animal. Its responses to emotion-laden stimuli are much reduced. It appears very tame. Aggressive tendencies are not evident. It also manifests oral tendencies and displays hypersexuality. This syndrome is the result of lesions of the temporal lobe in which parts of the amygdala are involved.

Front 9

Which of the following best reflects an anatomical or functional property of the central nucleus of amygdala?

a. Projects its axons to the medial hypothalamus via the stria terminalis
b. Is a major receiving area for info concerning tertiary auditory and visual signals
c. Has high conc. of enkephalins, somatostatin, and dopamine
d. Is a primary location of Norepi-containing cell bodies in the forebrain
e. Projects axons that directly inhibit spinal motor neurons.

Back 9

C.

Front 10

Limbic structures send feedback signals to CC, which provide the cortex with _____ signals that are contiguous with other sensory signals that initially caused excitation of limbic nuclei.

Back 10

Visceral

Front 11

The contiguity of feedback signals to the CC provide the _____ quality to sensory signals

Back 11

Emotional

Front 12

What makes up the hippocampal formation?

Back 12

1. Dentate gyrus
2. Subicular Cortex
3. Hippocampus

Front 13

What is the primary cell typ in the hippocampus?

Back 13

The pyramidal cell, which has both apical and basal dendrites.

Front 14

What is the course of the basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus?

Back 14

The basal dendrites extend laterally & in the direction of the ventricular surface

Front 15

What is the course of the apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus?

Back 15

The apical dendrites extend away from the ventricular surface towards the dentate gyrus

Front 16

What is the primary efferent process of the hippocampal formation?

Back 16

Axons of the pyramidal cell

Front 17

What is the course of the axons of the pyramidal cell of the hippocampal formation?

Back 17

Axons of the pyramidal cell pass into the superficial layer of the hippocampus called the alveus( a fiber layer adjacent to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle) & ultimately into either the fibria-fornix or entorhinal cortex

Front 18

Where is the hippocampal formation?

Back 18

Occupies the inferomesial portion of the temporal lobe.

Portion of the temporal lobe that is inferior to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and medial to the collateral sulcus.

Front 19

What forms a glistening white cover that carpets the ventricular surface of the hippocampus and extends posteromedialy into the fibria?

Back 19

Alveus

Front 20

What are the 4 layers of the hippocampus?

Back 20

1. External plexiform layer
2. Stratum oriens
3. Pyramidal cell layer
4. Stratum radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare

Front 21

Which layer of the hippocampus contains axons of pyramidal cells that project outside the hippocampus as well as hippocampal afferent fibers from the entorhinal cortex?

Back 21

External plexiform layer

Front 22

Which layer of the hippocampus contains the basal dendrites and basket cells?

Back 22

Stratum oriens

Front 23

Which layer of the hippocampus contains the apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells and hippocampal afferents from the entorhinal cortex (perforating pathway)

Back 23

Stratum radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare

Front 24

The pyramidal cells of the hippocampus situated closest to the subiculum referred to as the CA___ field

Back 24

CA 1

Front 25

The hippocampal field located within the hilus of the dentate gyrus is called CA ___.

Back 25

CA 4

Front 26

The collaterals of axons arising from the CA 3 pyramidal cells are called?

Back 26

Recurrent of Schaffer collaterals

Front 27

The collaterals of axons arising from the CA 3 pyramidal cells project to_______.

Back 27

Back to the CA 1 field.

Front 28

This hippocampal field is highly susceptible to anoxia, especially during periods of the temporal lobe epilepsy.

Back 28

CA 1 field

Front 29

Which hippocampal field is referred to as Sommer's sector?

Back 29

CA 1 field

Front 30

What is the principle cell type in the dentate gyrus?

Back 30

Granule Cell

Front 31

What are the axons of the granule cell called?

Back 31

Mossy fiber

Front 32

Mossy fibers (of the dentate gyrus) make synaptic contact with what?

Back 32

Pyramidal cells in the CA 3 region

Front 33

A polymorphic cell layer composed of ________ lies deep to the granule cell layer.

Back 33

Modified pyramidal cells

Front 34

What lies external to the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus?

Back 34

Molecular cell layer

Front 35

What does the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus consist of mainly?

Back 35

Axons of hippocampal afferent fibers.

Front 36

What constitues a transitional region between the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus?

Back 36

Subicular Cortex

Front 37

Which is thicker: the pyramidal cell layer in the subicular cortex or the pyramidal cell layer in the hippocampus?

Back 37

Subicular cortex

Front 38

What is a major source of inputs to the hippocampus?

Back 38

Entorhinal cortex

Front 39

What pathway passes from the lateral entorhinal cortex into the molecular layer of the hippocampus?

Back 39

Lateral perforant pathway

Front 40

What structures make up the Papez circuit?

Back 40

Hippocampal formation
Mammillary body
Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
Cingulate Gyrus
Entorhinal Cortex

Front 41

What is the name of the pathway to that enters the alveus of the hippocampus after passing thru the white matter of the subiculum?

Back 41

Medial perforant pathway

Front 42

The diagonal band of Broca of the septal area supplies what?

Back 42

Hippocampus

Front 43

The septal area receives inputs from the hippocampal formation via the ______________.

Back 43

Precommissural fornix

Front 44

These projections of the brainstem reticular formation which supply the hippocampus also supply other parts of the limbic system to provide the anatomical & physiological substrates that regulate mood changes.

Back 44

Monoamine neuronal projections

Front 45

By receiving inputs from varied sources, the hippocampal formation can respond to sudden changes in brainstem and cortical events and relay such changes to the hypothalamus which then provides a _____ and/or ____quality to these events.

Back 45

visceral and/or emotional

Front 46

Efferents from the hippocampus arise from what cell type?

Back 46

Pyramidal cells located in both the hippocampus & subicular cortex

Front 47

Axons of what cell type provide the largest component to the fornix?

Back 47

Pyramidal cell

Front 48

What are the 3 components of the fornix system?

Back 48

1. Precommissural fornix
2. Postcommissural fornix
3. Commissural component

Front 49

This component of the fornix supplies the septal area.

Back 49

Precommissural fornix

Front 50

This component of the fornix supplies the diencephalon.

Back 50

Postcommisural fornix

Front 51

This component of the fornix supplies the anterior thalamic nucleus.

Back 51

Postcommissural fornix

Front 52

This component of the fornix innervates the mammillary bodies.

Back 52

Postcommissural fornix

Front 53

The postcommissural fornix arises solely from ____________.

Back 53

the subicular cortex

Front 54

Which component of the fornix provides connections between the hippocampus on each side of the brain?

Back 54

Commissural component

Front 55

Which component of the fornix may provide the structural basis by which seizures spread from the hippocampus on the other other side?

Back 55

Commissural component

Front 56

The hippocampal fibers that provide commissural connections arise mainly from which hippocampal regions?

Back 56

CA 3 and CA 4

Front 57

Modulation of aggression, autonomic, and endocrine functions likely result from what?

Back 57

Direct or indirect hippocampal inputs to different regions of the hypothalamus

Front 58

What limbic structure modulates aggressive reactions?

Back 58

Hippocampal formation

Front 59

Activation of which portion of the hippocampal formation facilitates predatory attack behavior?

Back 59

The part of the hippocampal formation closest to the amygdala (temporal pole)

Front 60

Activation of which portion of the hippocampal formation suppresses predatory attack behavior?

Back 60

The portion of the hippocampal closest to the septal pole

Front 61

Aggression is mediated to the hypothalamus via interneurons of the _______.

Back 61

Septal area.

Front 62

What limbic structure contributes to the regulation of aggressive forms of behavior?

Back 62

Hippocampal formation

Front 63

Concentrating neurons of this hormone are densley packed in the ventral region of the hippocampal formation.

Back 63

Estradiol

Front 64

This pathway arises from the subiculum and terminates in the region between the suprachiasmatic and arcuate nuclei.

Back 64

Corticohypothalamic tract

Front 65

What is a memory disorder in which the patient displays amnesia of both anterograde & retrograde memory?

Back 65

Korsakoff's syndrome

Front 66

What syndrome is involved with both heavy alcohol use and a vitamin B deficiency?

Back 66

Korsakoff's symndrome

Front 67

What type of amnesia refers to loss of memory that occurs before damage to the hippocampus?

Back 67

Retrograde memory

Front 68

What type of amnesia refers to loss of memory that occurs after damage to the hippocampus?

Back 68

Anterograde memory

Front 69

After a patient experiences a hippocampal lobectomy, what type of amnesia would be most prevalent?

Back 69

Anterograde amnesia.

The patient can remember events that took place in the distant past but cannot remember events that occurred recently.

Front 70

Patient presents with the inability to encode, categorize and abstract relevant info necessary for the learning process. Patient cannot establish new, long-term memories. In which limbic structure do you expect the patient to have a lesion?

Back 70

Hippocampus

Front 71

Blocking this receptor in the hippocampus eliminates long term potentiation.

Back 71

NMDA receptors

Front 72

What 2 cell groups are associated with the septal area?

Back 72

1. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
2. Nucleus accumbens

Front 73

What limbic structure serves principally as a relay of the hippocampal formation to the hypothalamus?

Back 73

Septal Area

Front 74

Electrical stimulation of the septal area modulates:_____

Back 74

self-stimulation & drinking behavior

Front 75

These inputs into the limbic system provide a basis for the regulation of mood states.

Back 75

Monoaminergic inputs

Front 76

What nucleus is of interest in the development of Alzheimer's patients?

Back 76

Basal nucleus of Meynert

Front 77

Neurofibrillary tangles is a key characteristic of what neurological condition?

Back 77

Alzheimers

Front 78

What has been shown to be a risk factor for onset of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 78

The C4 allele of the spolipoprotein E situated on Chromosome 19. Results in amyloid deposits

Front 79

This limbic structure contains a cortical mantle called the pyrifom lobe.

Back 79

Amygdala

Front 80

What are the 2 functional divisions of the amygdaloid complex?

Back 80

1. Corticomedial group
2. Basolateral group

Front 81

The cortex immediately adjacent to the amygdala at rostral levels is referred to as the _____ area.

Back 81

Prepyriform

Front 82

Posterior regions of the pyriform lobe are referred to as the ______ cortex.

Back 82

Periamygdaloid

Front 83

This limbic structure receives inputs from structures linked with transmission of both olfactory and taste signals.

Back 83

Amygdala

Front 84

What are the afferents to the Amygdala?

Back 84

THE FOLLOWING PROJECT TO THE AMYGDALA:
1. Olfactory bulb
2. Pyriform lobe
3. Solitary Nucleus
4. Temporal neocortex
5. Prefrontal cortex
6. Ventromedial hypothalamus
7. Substantia Innominata
8. Nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca
9. Medial Thalamus

Front 85

What are the most significant projections of the amygdala?

Back 85

1. Hypothalamus
2. Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis
3. Midbrain PAG

Front 86

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway arises from the amygdala and supplies what?

Back 86

The lateral hypothalamus and midbrain PAG

Front 87

The _____ maintains a significant anatomical relationship with the prefrontal cortex, with which it shares reciprocal connections.

Back 87

amygdala

Front 88

Syndrome characterized by:
Hyper-sexuality
A change in dietary habits
Decrease in anxiety toward fear-producing objects,
Tendency to orally explore and contact inedible objects
Visual agnosia

Back 88

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Front 89

Stimulation of which area of the amygdala has a powerful, facilitating effect on defensive rage behavior but has an equally potent suppression on predatory attack behavior?

Back 89

Corticomedial Amygdala

Front 90

Stimulation of which area of the amygdala has a powerful, facilitating effect on predatory attack behavior but has a suppression on defensive rage behavior?

Back 90

Basolateral Amygdala

Front 91

Medial amygdaloid potentiation of rage behavior is mediated by fibers of the ______ that excite medial hypothalamic neurons and that use______ as a neurotransmitter.

Back 91

Stria Terminalis;
substance P

Front 92

The central & lateral amygdaloid suppression of defensive rage behavior is mediated thru an inhibitory enkephalinergic projection to the _____.

Back 92

Midbrain PAG

Front 93

Activation of which area of the amygdala facilitates GH release?

Back 93

Basolateral amygdala

Front 94

Activation of which area of the amygdala inhibits GH release?

Back 94

Corticomedial amygdala

Front 95

Stimulation and lesions suggest that the _____ amygdala has a facilitative effect, while the ____ amygdala is inhibitory.

Back 95

Basolateral;
Corticomedial

Front 96

Stimulation of the _____ amygdala induces ovulation.

Back 96

Corticomedial

Front 97

Transection of the _____ abolishes ovulation

Back 97

stria terminalis

Front 98

Anterior Cingulate Gyrus receives inputs from:

Back 98

1. Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
2. Dopaminergic fibers from the ventral tegmental area
3. Diagonal band of Broca

Front 99

ACG projects efferent fibers to:

Back 99

1. Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus
2. Subicular Cortex

Front 100

Upon lesion/damage of the prefrontal cortex, what characteristics would you expect a patient to exhibit?

Back 100

Emotional and personality changes;
Irritability;
Irrational & hostile behavior

Front 101

What technique was used for controlling human violence & manifestations of psychotic behavior? (Technique involved undercutting of the afferent and efferent connections of the prefrontal cortex

Back 101

Prefrontal Lobotomy

Front 102

Lesion of the _____ cortex lead to an increase in feeding behavior.

Back 102

Prefrontal cortex