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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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boundaries of the pelvic inlet
dorsally ventrally bilaterally |
dorsally-promontory of the sacrum
ventrally-cranial border of pubis bilaterally-arcuate line of ilium |
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boundaries of the pelvic outlet
dorsally ventrally bilaterally |
dorsally-1st caudal vertebra
ventrally-ischiatic arch bilaterally-sacrotuberous ligament *the oelvic outlet is closed caudally about the terminal parts of the digestive and urogential tracts by perineum |
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perineum-a non-distinct region
general location perineal region |
-the wall and assoc structures closing the pelvic outlet and surrounding the anal and urogenital canals.
-the projection of perineum upon the skin outlines the perineal region |
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superficial boundaries of the perineum
dorsal lateral ventral |
dorsal-base of tail
lateral-the skin that covers the paired superficial gluteal and internal obturator muscles and the ischial tuberosity on the sides ventral-base of scrotum OR beginning of vulva |
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clinical correlates
perineal laceration perineal hernia |
perineal laceration-tearing of peritoneum
perineal hernia-protrusion of organ or tissue through perineum |
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pelvic diaphragm
general description 2 muscles |
vertical closure of the pelvic cavity through which the rectum passes, consists of 2 muscles and fascia; main muscular component of perineum.
-levator ani -coccygeus |
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pelvic diaphragm m.
levator ani m. o,i,innerv,f |
broad/thin; lies medial to coccygeus m.
origin: medial edge of shaft of ilium, dorsal surface of pubis, and pelvic symphysis insertion: caudal vertebrae 3-7 innervation: S3/C1 ... obturator nerve passes through at a point where the muscles divides into 2 parts function: press tail against anus and urogenital tract and initiate defecation. |
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pelvic diaphragm m.
coccygeus m. o,i,innerv,f |
lies lateral to levator ani;shorter/thicker
origin: ischiatic spine insertion: caudal vertebrae 2-4 innervation: S3 function: press tail against anus and urogenital tract and to move tail between legs |
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external anal sphincter
muscle type voluntary? |
the striated muscle under voluntary control encircling the anal canal
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internal anal sphincter
muscle type voluntary? |
smooth muscle, thickened portion of circular coat of anal canal, controlled by ANS
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ischiorectal fossa
space location filling |
space on either side of anus between pelvic diaphragm and sacrotuberous ligameny
its usually filled with fat |
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retroperitoneum
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lie against wall of abdomen/pelvic cavity covered only on one surface by peritoneum
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urinary organs 4
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, (adrenal gland)
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kidneys
function location left vs. right caudal poles in bitch |
-filter blood, produce urine
-located in sublumbar region in retroperitoneal postion (behind peritoneum) -right kidney opposite L1-L3; left kidney at L2-L4 -caudal poles of both kidneys are related to fat-filled mesovaria and ovaries |
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kidneys
palpable L or R, why? cat kidneys |
-left kidney may be palpated in dogs, the right one only in thin dogs bc covered by caudate process of caudate lobe of liver
-cat kidneys large, distinctive appearance by capsular veins converging over surface toward hilus; more mobile, both palpable. |
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renal parenchyma
1. cortex 2. medulla |
cortex: outer layer, granular appearance
medulla: inner layer, central position, striated appearance due to numerous collecting ducts |
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kidney
2. medulla a. renal pyramid b. renal crest |
renal pyramid - pseudo papillae, part of renal medulla, fuse at center to form renal crest
renal crest - @ end of renal medulla, longitundinal ridge projecting into renal pelvis, through which collecting tubules of kidney excrete urine into renal pelvis |
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renal pelvis
renal sinus pelvic recesses |
renal pelvis - extension of ureter
renal sinus - fat filled space that contains renal vessels and surrounds renal pelvis pelvic recesses of renal pelvis - projects outward btw renal pyramids |
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ureters
connect what to what proximal portion=collecting basin called... entrance to urinary bladder? |
-connect kidneys with the bladder
-proximal portion is expanded within the kidney to form collecting basin called renal pelvis -ureters enter bladder dorsally at its neck |
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ureter clincal correlate
male-the ureter crosses ductus deferens |
the ureter crosses dorsal to ductus deferens, it can be torn during castration
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urinary bladder
function 3 parts |
-a highly distensible reservoir for urine from the kidney
apex body neck |
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ligaments of the bladder 3
1. median ligaments lateral and round |
connects ventral surface of baldder to symphysis as far cranially as the umbilicus; in the fetus is contains the urachus-the stalk on the embryonic allantois, which disappears after birth.
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clinical correlate
patent (persistent) urachus |
newborn drips urine from umbilicus
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ligaments of the bladder
2. lateral ligaments |
left and right, connect lateral surface of bladder to lateral pelvic walls; in fetus they contain umbilical artery, a component of umbilical cord that retracts after cord is cut (becomes round ligament)
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ligaments of bladder
3. round ligaments |
remnants of fetal umbilical arteries
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trigone of bladder
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dorsal triangular area near neck, btw two uretal openings and urethral orifice
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urethra
urethral muscle |
-the membranous canal conveying urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
striated muscle = urethral m. |
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blood flow of kidney
arterial venous |
arterial: aorta, renal a, interlobar a, arcuate a, interlobular a
venous: stellate v, interlobular v, arcuate v, interlobar v, renal v, caudal vena cava |
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male genital organs
7 |
scrotum
testis epididymis ductus deferens prostate gland penis urethra |
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inguinal canal
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superficial inguinal ring
deep inguinal ring |
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spermatic cord
basic composition beginning point 3 structures inside |
-composed of structures passing through the inguinal canal during the descent of the testis
-begins at the deep inguinal ring -structures: ductus deferens testicular vessels,nerves, lymphatics mesoductus deferens and mesorchium(covers testicular a/v) |
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cremaster m.
where it att to testis not part of what from what abd. m? |
attach medial side of testis
NOT part of spermatic cord from internal abdominal oblique or transversus abdominis |
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clincal correlate
cryptorchidism what it is result, y? still "maleness" |
failure of one (monorchid) or both testicles to descend into scrotum; results in decreased or infertility bc sperm best at <35C (decreased or eliminate spermatogenesis), although still produce testosterone.
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clinical correlate
cryptorchidism cont'd factors in testicular temp regulation 3 |
1. pampiniform plexus (testicular venous plexus) - maintains low testicular temp (venous cool coils around warm aorta)
2. cremaster m. - increase testicular temp. (pull up/drop) 3. evaporation of sweat from scrotum |
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scrotum
2 cavities contents |
patch of skin divided by median septum (scrotal septum) into two cavities, each of which is occupied by a testis, epididymis, and distal part of spermatic cord)
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vaginal tunic
continuation of peritoneum inner/outer vaginal cavity |
parietal vaginal tunic-outer
visceral vaginal tunic-inner, around just testis vaginal cavity-btw parietal/visceral tunic |
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clincal correlates
closed vs open castration difference: vaginal cavity |
open: cut all the way thru parietal vaginal tunic to reach vaginal cavity (larger dogs: ductus deferens isolated and ligated seperately)
closed: do not open vaginal cavity; for tumors or infections so it does not spread |
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comparison between abdominal wall components and their related structures in the testis
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scrotal skin - skin
tunica dartos - subcutaneous tissue cremaster m. - int. abdominal obl m. spermatic fascia - transversalis fascia parietal vaginal tunic - parietal peritoneum vaginal cavity - peritoneal cavity visceral vaginal tunic - visceral peritoneum |
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testis
produces two things shape, location carried in dogs vs cats sperm development |
the male gonad that produces male sex hormone (testosterone) and male germ cells that differentiate into sperm (spermatogenesis); oval in shape located in scrotum; rel. small in dogs and cats; carried horizontally in dogs but with their caudal extremities toward anus in cats; sperm develop in seminiferous tubules with the testicular parenchyma
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testis 3 parts
supporting tissue essential elements of organ ligament |
stroma - supporting tissue; tunica albuginea, mediastinum
parenchyma - essential element; seminiferous tubules proper ligament of testis |
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epididymis
storage convoluted tube 3 regions ligaments 2 |
where spermatozoa are stored before ejaculation; consists of a convoluted tube, the coild of which are held together by collagenous ct; closely adhered to testis
three regions: head-cranial pole of testis body-passing caudally on dorsal margin of testis tail-on caudal pole of testis, continues as ductus deferens ligament of tail of epididymis-from tail of epididymis to vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia proper ligament of testis-from tail of epididymis to testis |
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ductus deferens (vas deferens)
continuation route |
continuation of tail or epididymis; travels beside the body of epididymis, up spermatic cord, through inguinal canal to reach abdomen; running in a fold of peritoneum, it crosses ventral to ureter at lateral ligament of bladder and penetrates prostate to open into urethra, lateral to colliculus seminalis
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male urethra
carries both urine and semen 2 parts |
pelvic part
-colliculus seminalis spongy penile part |
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penis or phallus
cranial extension (cats=caudal) passage erectile tissue 3 parts |
male copulatory organ, extending from ischiatic arch cranially between thighs (not in cat); penis provides passageway for semen and urine to outside (thus urinary and genital); composed of erectile tissue divided into 3 regions:
root - proximal body glans - distal |
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cavernous erectile tissues
cavernosum (2) spongiosum(2) |
corpus cavernosum penis
-right and left crus of penis (root) from ischial tuberosities -tunica albuginea (white ct) -pars longa glandis (distal) corpus spongiosum penis -bulb of penis (caudal bulge) -glans of penis ~bulbus glandis |
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muscles associated with penis
3 |
ischiocavernosus m. - from ischium to cover cavernosum
bulbospongiosus m. - cover bulb of penis ventrally retractor penis m. - under bulbospongiosus m. |
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prepuce
NOT separate from abdomen 2 parts |
dorsal penis attaches to abdomen, skin covering glans penis (distal)
-preputial orifice (distal opening) -fornix of prepuce (reflection/junction) |
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os penis
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bone
ventral urethral groove |
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clincal correlate
os penis and ventral urethral groove |
the os penis has a ventral urethral groove, beneath which the urethra passes toward the outside of the body; uroliths (urinary stones) can easily become trapped at the proximal end of the os penis since the urethra cannot expand as it passes through this groove
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accessory genital glands
1 for cats/dogs 1 for cats |
prostate gland (cat and dog): produce fluid that dilute/nourish sperm, @ brim of pelvic inlet, in dogs:spontaneously develop byperplasia (hypertrophy) model from human prostate cancer (vitamin D)
bulbourethral glands (cat) |
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female genital organs
6 |
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vestibule, external genitalia
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ovaries
paired gonads, homology? functions shape location |
paired female gonads, homologous to testicles; function in maturation of female germ cells (oogonia) and in hormone production (estrogen and progesterone); oval in shape located at caudal pole of kidneys
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ovaries
bursa 2 ligaments meso- |
ovarian bursa- made of mesovarium and mesosalpinx, opening to peritoneal cavity of medial side, egg falls here first collected by infundibulum
suspensory ligaments of ovary - att to ribs 12-13 proper ligament of ovary - to cranial end of uterine horn mesovarium - attach to ovary on dorsolateral body wall |
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clincal correlate
ovariohysterectomy |
need to free suspensory ligaments of ovary, left ovary slightly caudal bc of kidney loc
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uterine tube, oviduct, or fallopian tube
route transports 3 parts |
duct running from ovary, btw the layers of mesosalpinx, to uterine horn; it transports the ova from the ovary and sperm from the uterus for fertilization
infundibulum: site of fertilization, enlarged proximal end of uterine tube fimbriae: finger like process at end of infundibulum mesosalpinx: peritoneum that att the uterine tube to the mesovarium |
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uterus
expands fetal implant placenta development 3 parts |
highly expandable tubular organ where embryo or fetus implants and develops. Hypertrophy of endometrium forms a placenta to serve as source of embryonic and fetal nourishment
-uterine horns -uterine body -uterine neck = cervix |
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vagina
extends from what to what 2 parts |
a dilatable canal, extending from cervix of uterus to vulva (pudendum femininum)
-fornix (reflection at cervix) -hymen, transverse mucosal ridge distal end |
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vestibule
connects what part of 2 systems 2 parts |
space connecting vagina and external genital opening, belongs to both urinary and genital system
-urethral tubercle- pt where uterus/bladder split -external urethral orifice- dorsal and cranial to clitoral fossa |
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external genitalia
vulva clitoris |
vulva
-labia (2) -dorsal and ventral commissures clitoris(homologous to penis: paired roots, body, glans) -clitoral fossa - prepuce -os clitoridis (cavernous spongiosum erectile tissue) |
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urethra
connection to vagina |
originates from the urinary bladder; enters the genital tract at the vaginovestibular junction; opens on a papilla called the urethral tubercle
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anatomical relationship
dorsal to vental female |
descending colon
uterus bladder |
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attachments of female genital organs:
3 |
broad ligaments of uterus
-mesometrium ~round ligament of uterus -mesovarium -mesosalpix suspensory ligament of ovary proper ligament of ovary |
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arterial supply of genital organs
male and female |
-ovarian a/testicular a (left testicular and ovarian v empty into left renal v, the right side has caudal vena cava)
-internal iliac a ~interal pudendal a >vaginal or prostatic a >uterine or deferential a >artery of clitoris or artery of penis |
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lymphatics
3 |
superficial inguinal lymph nodes(scrotal/mammary)
medial iliac lymph node lumbar aortic lymph node |
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superficial inguinal lymph nodes
location drain what |
l: cranial to vaginal process (female), along dorsolateral borders of penis (male)
dr: external genitailia, ventral half abdominal wall including abdominal inguinal mammary glands, papiteal lymph node |
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medial iliac lymph node
location drain what |
l: origin of deep circumflex iliac a
dr: dorsal abdominal body wall, superficial inguinal lodes, most pelvic organs, pelvic limbs |
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lumbar aortic lymph node
location drain what |
l: lie along aorta/caudal vena cava from diaphragm to deep circum iliac a
dr: lumbar vertebrae, abdominal m, abdominal portions or urogenital organs |
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innervation of genital organs
from autonomic nervous system 3 |
hypogastic n (sympathetic)
testicular (internal spermatic) nerve/plexus (sympathetic) from sympathetic ganglia and lumbar splanchnic n; travels along testicular vessels to testis and epididymis pelvic n (parasympathetic) |
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innervation of genital organs
from spinal nerves 4 |
pudendal n (S1-S3)
- caudal rectal n: to ext anal sphincter - perineal n: to skin of anus, perineum, scrotum and labia, muscles of penis, vestibule and vulva -dorsal nerve or penis or dorsal nerve of clitoris: sensory nerve to the penis and clitoris, mediates impulses that result in orgasm genitofemoral n (external spermatic n): exits out and passes along inguinal canal to supply cremaster, skin of prepuce/inguinal mammae |
