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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dyspnea is?
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Shortness of breath - air hunger - increased breathing efforts
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Is dyspnea pathognomonic for diseases of resp. tract?
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Not necessarily - can be many causes, both physiological, pathological & psychological
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Dyspnea occurs in?
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- Respiratory diseases
- Cardiovascular diseases - Neuropsychiatric disorders |
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3 types of dyspnea?
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Expiratory
Inspiratory Mixed |
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Expiratory dyspnea is characterized by?
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Prolonged exhalation
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When does expiratory dyspnea usually occur?
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- Paroxysms - e.g. an acute attack of bronchial asthma
- Pulmonary emphysema |
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Why does exp. dyspnea happen in pulm. emphysema?
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Since lungs have lost elasticity - thus things take longer time
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Inspiratory dyspnea is char. by?
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Impaired inhalation
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Inspiratory dyspnea is usually caused by?
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Obstruction of the upper respiratory airways
- Laryngeal tumor - Tracheal tumor - Goiter Edema / hematoma of glottis |
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What is orthopnea?
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A sitting position - which makes it easier to breathe due to activation of auxillary muscles
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When is orthopnea commonly seen?
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CVS diseases
Lung/pleural diseases Bronchial asthma Pleural effusions Pneumothoraxes |
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Why is a dry unproductive cough developed?
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If there is no material to be removed from airways - but the tussigenic zones are still irritated
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What may a dry unproductive cough indicate?
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- Acute inflammatory processes of resp. tr.
- Pneumothorax - Pressure on bronchi from mediastinal structures - Start of left heart failure - Bronchogenic cancer (old person) |
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Serous sputum is indicative of?
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Pulmonary edema
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Mucous sputum is indicative of?
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Acute bronchitis
Asthmatic attack |
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How is mucopurulent sputum?
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Yellow/greenish
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Mucopurulent sputum is indicative of?
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Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis Tuberculosis... Etc |
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Purulent sputum is indicative of?
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Bronchiectases
Lung abscesses Pulmonary tuberculosis |
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What is croupous pneumonia?
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Pneumonia with fibrinous matter in lung vesicles
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What sputum is produced in croupous pneumonia?
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Rusty sputum
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Putrid / decaying sputum is indicative of?
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Anaerobic infections like:
- Pulmonary gangrene |
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What sputum is typical for bronchiectases?
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Round, coinshaped (sputum nummulare)
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What is hemoptysis?
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Coughing out of blood (often mixed with sputum)
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Name of massive hemoptysis?
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Hemoptoe
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Hemoptoe is?
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Coughing up pure blood from resp. tr.
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Epistaxis?
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Nosebleed
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Important when investigating hemoptysis?
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Find out the origin of blood - can be oral or resp. tract
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3 groups of hemoptysis´?
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1. Bleeding from pulmonary tuberculosis
2. Bleeding from non-tuberculous causes 3. Bleeding from circulatory disturbances |
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How does pulmonary tuberculosis cause hemoptysis?
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Necrosis of small branch of pulm. a/v in infiltrative stages
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How does a necrotic lymph node cause hemoptysis?
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Rupture into a bronchus
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Non-tuberculous bleeding usually origins from?
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Bronchus or lung parenchyma
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Non-tuberculous causes of hemoptysis?
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- Bronchogenic cancer
- Bronchiectases - Pneumonia - Blood coagulation disturbances |
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Bloody sputum changes during pneumonia?
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Early: Bloody
Late: Rusty |
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Bleeding from circulatory appearances is caused by?
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- Pulmonary infarction
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Color of exporated blood in pulm. infarct?
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Brownish red
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Other causes of hemoptysis?
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- Mitral stenosis
- Pulmonary hypertension (rupture of dilated varicose veins) |
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Which layers of lung have sensory nerve endings?
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Only parietal, lung tissue & visceral pleura have none.
As long as parietal pleura is uninvolved - there is no pain |
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How is parietal pleural pain?
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Stabbing - increase with inspiration, coughing & yawning.
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Where does pain shoot if central portion of diaphragm is affected?
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To shoulder - diaphragm is co innervated by 3,4,5th C
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Where does pain shoot if lower part of pleura is involve?
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To abdomen - co-innervated by 6th intercostal nerves
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Where is pain in tracheitis?
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Behind sternum
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How is the pain in tracheitis?
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Burning & cutting - increase with coughing
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Why does cyanosis develop?
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- Oxygen saturation in alveoli decreases
- Reduced Hb amount increases above 50g/l |
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What is secondary polycythemia?
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Increased RBC by increase of EPO (naturally or artificially)
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