Peds Test 1

Front 1

A genetic disorder resulting in a steroid enzyme deficiency that can lead to disfiguring anatomic abnormalities of sexual characteristics.

Back 1

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Front 2

The ___ was a program designed by Theodore Roosevelt to study economic and social factors related to infant mortality, infant care in rural areas, and other factors related to children's health.

Back 2

Children's Bureau (1912)

Front 3

Produced the Children's Charter, documenting the child's need for health, education, welfare, and protection.

Back 3

White House Conference on Child Welfare Standards

Front 4

Established federal-state partnership and provided Aid to Dependent Families and Children (ADFC), maternal-child health services, and child welfare services.

Back 4

Social Security Act (1935)

Front 5

The number of infant deaths occurring in the first 28 days of life per 1,000 live births.

Back 5

Neonatal mortality

Front 6

T/F. Infant mortality in the US is lower than other developed countries.

Back 6

False. Infant mortality rates are actually higher compared with other developed countries (p. 9).

Front 7

This ethnic group has had consistently higher infant mortality rates compared with other ethnic groups.

Back 7

Non-Hispanic African American infants

Front 8

In the US, ___ children, followed by ___ children have the highest unintentional injury death rate.

Back 8

Native American; African American

Front 9

Number of deaths per 100,000 population in children between 1 and 14 years of age.

Back 9

Childhood mortality

Front 10

The measure of prevalence of a specific illness in a population at a particular time.

Back 10

Morbidity

Front 11

___ is the leading chronic disease in children.

Back 11

Asthma

Front 12

___ are the leading cause for hospitalization in children 10-14 in 2009.

Back 12

Mental health disorders

Front 13

___ is known as the father of pediatrics.

Back 13

Abraham Jacobi

Front 14

The ___ is the child's primary source of support and strength.

Back 14

Family

Front 15

This is a philosophy providing therapeutic care through interventions that minimize physical and psychological distress for children and their families.

Back 15

Atraumatic care

Front 16

This is a review question. What are the five segments of the nursing process?

Back 16

Assessment --> Diagnosis --> Planning --> Implementation --> Evaluation

Front 17

True/False. Nurse practitioner education will be moved from the master's to the doctoral level by the year 2015.

Back 17

True

Front 18

A ___ is a minimally accepted action expected of an individual of a certain skill or knowledge level and reflects what a reasonable and prudent person would do in a similar situation.

Back 18

Standard of care.

Front 19

Name the six principles of patient justice (ethics).

Back 19

Nonmalfeasance, Justice, Autonomy, Confidentiality/Fidelity, Veracity, Beneficence

Front 20

In certain cases, a ___ may be appointed by the courts to act in a child's best interests.

Back 20

Guardian ad litem

Front 21

A mature minor is a child over the age of ___.

Back 21

14

Front 22

The idea that the state has an overriding interest in the health and welfare of the child and can order that medical treatment proceed without signed informed consent.

Back 22

Parens patriae

Front 23

The ____ established the concept of advance directives.

Back 23

The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990

Front 24

The ___, which are an amendment to the US Child Abuse Protection and Treatment Act, provide specific guidelines on how to treat extremely ill, premature, terminally ill, and/or disabled infants regardless of the parents' wishes.

Back 24

The Baby Doe regulations

Front 25

What are the three general concepts that form the philosophy of pediatric nursing?

Back 25

Family-centered care, atraumatic care, and evidence-based care.

Front 26

The study of heredity and its variations.

Back 26

Genetics

Front 27

The process of transmitting genetic characteristics from parent to offspring.

Back 27

Heredity

Front 28

Indicates membership in a particular group of humans who have biological traits that are transmitted by descent.

Back 28

Race

Front 29

The classic temperament theory proposes nine parameters of temperament. What are they?

Back 29

Activity level, rhythmicity, approach and withdrawal, adaptability, threshold of responsiveness, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, distractibility, and attention span and persistence.

Front 30

The study of genetics at the chromosomal level.

Back 30

Cytogenetics

Front 31

This family theory emphasizes the social system of family, such as the organization or structure of the family and how the structure relates to the function.

Back 31

Friedman's structural functional theory

Front 32

This family theory emphasizes the developmental stages that all families go through, beginning with marriage; the longitudinal career of the family as also known as the family life cycle.

Back 32

Duvall's developmental theory

Front 33

This family theory emphasizes the family as a system with interdependent, interacting parts that endure over time to ensure the survival, continuity, and growth of its components; the family is not the sum of its parts but is characterized by wholeness and unity.

Back 33

Von Bertalanffy: general system theory applied to families

Front 34

This family theory addresses the way families respond to stress and how each individual member copes

Back 34

Family stress theory

Front 35

This family theory addresses the way families adapt to stress and can rebound from adversity

Back 35

Resiliency model of family stress and family adjustment/ adaptation response model

Front 36

This family theory identified five functions of family: Affective function, socialization/social placement, reproductive role, economic function, and health care function.

Back 36

Friedman's structural functional theory

Front 37

This family theory described eight chronological stages with specific predictable tasks that each family completes.

Back 37

Duvall's developmental theory

Front 38

This family theory is used to define how families interact with and are influenced by members of their family and society and how to analyze the interrelationships of the members and the impact that change affecting one member will have on other members.

Back 38

Von Bertalanffy (p. 32)

Front 39

Typically, a child begins to understand his or her culture at ___ years of age (p. 39).

Back 39

5

Front 40

Involves group membership by virtue of common ancestry.

Back 40

Ethnicity

Front 41

The ___ population is the fastest growing population group in the US.

Back 41

Hispanic

Front 42

Refers to the bonds between individuals that assist communities to achieve a variety of goals, including goals directed at improving children's health.

Back 42

Social capital

Front 43

___ is the third-leading cause of death in people aged 10-24.

Back 43

Suicide

Front 44

True/False. African American, American INdian, or Alaska Native children have higher rates of abuse and neglect.

Back 44

True

Front 45

The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages any screen media before the age of ___.

Back 45

2

Front 46

Behavior of a medication at a cellular level.

Back 46

Pharmacodynamics

Front 47

Movement of drugs throughout the body via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Back 47

Pharmacokinetics

Front 48

In infants and young children, what affects the absorption of orally administered medications?

Back 48

Delayed gastric emptying, increased intestinal motility, proportionately larger small intestine surface area, higher gastric pH, and decreased lipase and amylase secretion compared with adults. (p. 374)

Front 49

The distribution of medication in children is NOT affected by:
A) Decreased body fat
B) Lower percentage of body water than adults
C) Liver immaturity, altering first-pass elimination
D) Decreased amounts of plasma proteins available for drug-binding
E) Immature blood-brain barrier

Back 49

B) HIGHER percentage of body water than adults

Front 50

The alteration of chemical structures from their original form, which allows for eventual excretion of the substance.

Back 50

Biotransformation

Front 51

What are the two common methods for determining pediatric doses?

Back 51

Drug per kg of body weight or body surface area (BSA) (p. 375)

Front 52

Once a child or adolescent weighs ___ or higher, the adults dose is frequently prescribed.

Back 52

50 kg

Front 53

When administering otic medication, you should pull the pinna ___ and ___ for children younger than 3, and ___ and ___ in older children.

Back 53

Downward and back for children under 3; upward and back in older children

Front 54

True/False. In young infants, instill nose medication in one naris at a time, since they are obligate nose breathers.

Back 54

True

Front 55

T/F. It is unnecessary to aspirate before IM injection.

Back 55

True. The CDC and Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices no longer recommend aspiration before injection (p. 381).

Front 56

Explain the formula for administering IV fluids to an infant or child.

Back 56

100 mL/kg body weight for the first 10 kg; 50 mL/kg of body weight for the next 10 kg; 20 mL/kg of body weight for the remainder of body weight in kg

Front 57

A child weighs 7.4 kg. How much IV fluid should you administer over 24 hrs?

Back 57

30.8 or 31 mL/hr (p. 390)

Front 58

A child weighs 16 kg. How much IV fluid should you administer over 24 hrs?

Back 58

54 mL/hr (p. 390)

Front 59

A child weighs 30 kg. How much IV fluid should you administer over 24 hrs?

Back 59

71 mL/hr (p. 390)

Front 60

What is the ratio of grams to mLs when weighing diapers to determine output?

Back 60

1 g = 1 mL of fluid

Front 61

True/False. It is important to use a smaller-volume syringe on a PICC line, because it exerts less pressure on the PICC.

Back 61

False. A LARGER-volume syringe (i.e., 5 mL or larger) exerts less pressure on the PICC, thereby reducing the risk of complications (p. 390).

Front 62

What type of IV dressing may be used to help prevent infection in children older than 2 months of age?

Back 62

Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressings (Biopatch)

Front 63

In children between ages 2 weeks and 28 months, tube insertion length (NG tube) is determined by what formula?

Back 63

17.6 + 0.197(height in centimeters) (p. 393)

Front 64

In children between ages 28 months and 8 years 4 months, gavage tube insertion length is determined by what formula?

Back 64

21.1 + 0.197(height in centimeters) (p. 393)

Front 65

What is LEAN?

Back 65

Lidocaine, epinephrine, atropine, and naloxone. These are considered emergency drugs that can be given via a tracheal tube.

Front 66

T/F. If a child has experienced a cervical spine injury and is experiencing an airway problem, use the head tilt-chin lift maneuver.

Back 66

False. If cervical spine injury is a possibility, use only the jaw-thrust technique for opening an airway (p. 1134).

Front 67

T/F. Never use the cardiac monitor to determine if the child has a heart rate.

Back 67

TRUE! ALWAYS evaluate the presence of a heart rate by auscultation of the heart or by palpation of central pulses. (p. 1134)

Front 68

According to PALS, a minimum acceptable systolic BP for a neonate is ___, ___ for the infant aged 1-2 months, and ___ plus twice the age in years for children aged 1-10 years.

Back 68

60 for neonate, 70 for infant aged 1-12 months, and 70 + twice the age in years for children aged 1-10 years (ex. A 4-year old should have a minimum systolic BP of 78: 70 = (2x4) = 79).

Front 69

In suspected sepsis, these lab tests are typically ordered.

Back 69

ESR, C-reactive protein (CRP), and urine and spinal fluid cultures.

Front 70

___ is used when the child has SVT or ventricular tachycardia with a pulse.

Back 70

Cardioversion

Front 71

AEDs are not for use in children under ___ years of age.

Back 71

1

Front 72

___ is regular breathing with occasional short pauses.

Back 72

Periodic breathing

Front 73

When selecting a nasopharyngeal airway, what are some methods you can use to determine diameter and length of the device?

Back 73

Length: Distance from a child's nose to tragus of the ear; Diameter: size of a child's fifth digit

Front 74

What is the formula for calculating tracheal tube size in children?

Back 74

Divide the child's age by 4 and add 4. (For example, if the child is 2, the tube size will be 4.5)

Front 75

___ occurs when poor perfusion exists without a decrease in BP.

Back 75

Compensated shock

Front 76

What is the formula for CO?

Back 76

CO = HR x SV

Front 77

T/F. In cases of circulatory shock, neonates often experience tachycardia.

Back 77

False. Neonates experience a paradoxical phenomenon that results in bradycardia, rather than tachycardia.

Front 78

The most common type of shock in children.

Back 78

Hypovolemic shock

Front 79

___ is related to a systemic inflammatory response in which there may be increased cardiac output with a low SVR (systemic vascular resistance), known as warm shock.

Back 79

Septic shock

Front 80

In children, septic shock results in a decrease in cardiac output with an increase in SVR (systemic vascular resistance), known as:

Back 80

Cold shock

Front 81

The result of a loss in the SVR (systemic vascular resistance).

Back 81

Distributive shock

Front 82

The point on the distat extremity where cool temperature begins.

Back 82

Line of demarcation

Front 83

___ are contraindicated in shock because of the risk of complications, such as osmotic diuresis, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and worsening of ischemic brain injury.

Back 83

Dextrose solutions

Front 84

Commotio cordis.

Back 84

A traumatic injury or a sharp blow to the chest.

Front 85

Beat-to-beat variability is associated with what EKG abnormality?

Back 85

Sinus tachycardia

Front 86

Murmurs that radiate to the back and are grade ___ or louder are more likely to be due to a cardiac defect.

Back 86

Grade III

Front 87

Usually, the anterior fontanel remains open until when?

Back 87

12 to 18 months of age

Front 88

The protective reflexes include the __ and the __ reactions.

Back 88

The righting and the parachute reactions

Front 89

At ___ months, the rooting reflex often disappears.

Back 89

3 months

Front 90

At ___ months, the sucking reflex disappears.

Back 90

2-5 months

Front 91

At ___ months, the Moro reflex disappears.

Back 91

4 months

Front 92

With sudden extension of the head, the arms abduct and move upward and the hands for a "C."

Back 92

Moro reflex

Front 93

The palmar grasp reflex typically disappears around ___ months.

Back 93

4-6 months

Front 94

The plantar grasp reflex typically disappears around ___ months.

Back 94

9 months

Front 95

The Babinski reflex typically disappears around __ months.

Back 95

12 months

Front 96

The step reflex typically disappears around when?

Back 96

4-8 weeks

Front 97

The parachute reflex appears when?

Back 97

6-7 months

Front 98

The neck righting reflex typically appears when?

Back 98

4-6 months

Front 99

T/F. Trypsin is available in sufficient quantities for protein digestion after birth.

Back 99

True

Front 100

T/F. The liver is immature at birth.

Back 100

True. The ability to conjugate bilirubin and secrete bile is present after about 2 weeks of age. (p. 69)

Front 101

In utero, the infant is covered with ___, which protects the developing infant's skin.

Back 101

Vernix caseosa

Front 102

When are iron stores transferred to the fetus from the mother?

Back 102

Throughout the last trimester of pregnancy

Front 103

Erik Erikson defines the psychosocial crisis of infancy as ___.

Back 103

Trust versus Mistrust (p. 71)

Front 104

The first stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Back 104

Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years).

Front 105

The concept of object permanence begins to develop between ___ and ___ months of age, and is solidified by about ___ months of age.

Back 105

4 and 7; 8

Front 106

By this age, infants can recognize themselves in the mirror.

Back 106

12 months

Front 107

Gross motor skills develop in a ___ fashion. Fine motor skills in a ___ fashion.

Back 107

Cephalocaudal; proximodistal

Front 108

A baby will typically pull itself up to stand at ___ months.

Back 108

10 months

Front 109

Binocularity, or the ability to fuse two ocular images into one cerebral picture begins to develop at ___ weeks of age, and is well established by ___ months of age.

Back 109

6 weeks - 4 months

Front 110

Full color vision develops by ___ months of age.

Back 110

7

Front 111

T/F. The newborn's hearing is intact at birth and as acute as that of an adult.

Back 111

True (p. 73)

Front 112

Warning signs that may indicate problems in language development are as follows: the infant does not make sounds at ___ months of age, does not laugh or squeal by ___ months of age, does not babble by ___ months of age, or does not use single words with mining at ___ months of age.

Back 112

4, 6, 8, 12

Front 113

An infant may develop stranger anxiety around ___ months.

Back 113

8

Front 114

How should car seats be positioned until the infant is 12 months of age (and weighs 20 lbs)?

Back 114

Until the infant is 12 months of age, infant car seats shoudl face the rear of the car.

Front 115

The newborn typically needs how much fluid and calories?

Back 115

Fluid: 140-160 mL/kg/day; Calories: 105-108 cal/kg/day

Front 116

When should the cup be introduced?

Back 116

6-8 months of age

Front 117

Inconsolable crying that lasts 3 hours or longer per day and for which there is no physical cause.

Back 117

Colic

Front 118

The alveoli in the lungs do not reach the adult number until age ___.

Back 118

7

Front 119

Erikson defines the toddler period as a time of ___ versus ___.

Back 119

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Front 120

At ___ months, the child understands the word "no."

Back 120

18

Front 121

At ___ months, the child begins to use "my" or "mine."

Back 121

24 months

Front 122

Refers to speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across.

Back 122

Telegraphic speech

Front 123

True/False. Toddlers typically engage in play with other toddlers.

Back 123

False. Toddlers typically engage in parallel play.

Front 124

After age ___, a forward-facing car seat may be used.

Back 124

2

Front 125

The extent and duration of breastfeeding are (directly/inversely) related to the development of obesity in later life.

Back 125

Inversely; that is, those who breastfeed longer are less likely to become obese than those who breastfeed for shorter periods.

Front 126

___ have the lowest iron intake of any age group.

Back 126

Toddlers

Front 127

True/False. In adolescence, an increase in the number of neurons and growth of the myelin sheath enables faster neural processing.

Back 127

False. The number of neurons does NOT increase. (p. 185)

Front 128

The Erik theory of psychosocial development characterizes preschoolers as in what stage?

Back 128

Initiative versus guilt

Front 129

According to Piaget’s theory, the preschool-age child continues in the ___ stage.

Back 129

Preoperational

Front 130

According to Kohlberg, preschool-aged children engage in the ___ stage, which is characterized by a punishment-and-obedience orientation.

Back 130

Preconventional

Front 131

This remains the leading cause of death for children between the ages of 1 and 14 years.

Back 131

Accidental injury

Front 132

It is recommended that the booster seat for a car continue to be used until a height of ___ is reached.

Back 132

4 feet 9 inches, and age 8-12

Front 133

___ years of age is an appropriate time for a child to learn to swim.

Back 133

Five

Front 134

True/False. Children need as much milk as they can get, as their daily calcium requirement is around 500-800 mg.

Back 134

False. Drinking excess amounts of milk may lead to iron deficiency, as the calcium in milk blocks iron absorption. (p. 146)

Front 135

Brain growth is complete by the time the child is ___ years of age.

Back 135

Ten

Front 136

Immunoglobulins A and G reach adult levels around __ years of age.

Back 136

Ten

Front 137

The Erikson stage associated with school-aged children is:

Back 137

Industry versus inferiority

Front 138

True/False. Preschool children don’t understand the theory of conservation.

Back 138

True. School-aged children, however, do.

Front 139

Piaget’s stage of cognitive development for the 7- to 11-year-old.

Back 139

Concrete operational

Front 140

According to Kohlberg, the school-age child is at the ___ stage of moral development.

Back 140

Conventional, or stage 3: interpersonal conformity

Front 141

T/F. The typical preschool child has 20/20 visual acuity.

Back 141

False. The typical school-age child has 20/20 visual acuity. (p. 160)

Front 142

This is the leading cause of visual impairment in children.

Back 142

Ambylopia, or lazy eye

Front 143

Boys and girls 4-8 years of age need approximately how many calories a day?

Back 143

1400-1600

Front 144

Sometimes dental care is not considered to be important by parents of young children because the primary teeth will be replaced by permanent teeth. This perception leads to complications of permanent teeth such as ___, a condition in which the teeth are crowded, crooked, or misaligned.

Back 144

Malocclusion. (p. 174)

Front 145

For children younger than 10 years, how is pulse taken?

Back 145

By auscultating the apical pulse with a stethoscope for a full minute.

Front 146

What are the average heart and respiratory rates for an infant?

Back 146

80-150 for pulse; 25-55 RR

Front 147

What are the average heart and respiratory rates for a toddler?

Back 147

HR 70-120; RR 20-30

Front 148

What are the average heart and respiratory rates for a preschooler?

Back 148

HR 65-110; RR 20-25

Front 149

What are the average heart and respiratory rates for a school-age child?

Back 149

HR 60-100; RR 14-22

Front 150

Falsely high readings in pulse oximetry can be associated with...

Back 150

Carbon monoxide poisoning or anemia

Front 151

A wider blood pressure cuff yields a (lower/higher) reading. A narrower cuff yields a (lower/higher) reading.

Back 151

Lower; higher

Front 152

Measure head circumference for children younger than age ___.

Back 152

3

Front 153

Calculate the length of the infant and toddler in a lying position until what age?

Back 153

24 months

Front 154

Another name for hyperpigmented nevi?

Back 154

Mongolian spots

Front 155

Light pink macule usually on eyelids, nasal bridge, back of neck (stork bite)

Back 155

Salmon nevi

Front 156

Raised reddish papule made of blood vessels (hemangiomas)

Back 156

Strawberry nevus

Front 157

Dark purple-red flat patch, grows with the child (port-wine stain)

Back 157

Nevus flammeus

Front 158

Pinpoint reddish purple macules that do not blanch when pressed.

Back 158

Petichiae

Front 159

Larger purple macules that do not blanch when pressed.

Back 159

Purpura

Front 160

Port-wine stain or nevus flammeus may be associated with what abnormality?

Back 160

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Front 161

Petichiae or purpura may be associated with what abnormality?

Back 161

Meningococcemia, or bleeding disorders

Front 162

The anterior fontanel closes between the age of...

Back 162

9-18 months

Front 163

Large fontanels may be associated with ___, or ___.

Back 163

Down syndrome or congenital hypothyroidism

Front 164

Webbing or excessive neck skin folds may be associated with what disorder?

Back 164

Turner syndrome

Front 165

Lax neck skin may be associated with what disorder?

Back 165

Down syndrome

Front 166

The normal infant may exhibit intermittent crossing of the eyes until about ___ months of age. However, persistent strabismus at any age or intermittent strabismus after ___ months of age should be evaluated.

Back 166

3; 6 (p. 293)

Front 167

Telling the child to stick his tongue out and move it side to side tests what cranial nerve?

Back 167

Hypoglossal (XII)

Front 168

True/False. It is best to observe an infant's tonsils during a cry or yawn.

Back 168

False! Trick question. You usually cannot see tonsils in an infant. You can, however, observe the infant's throat during a yawn or cry. (p. 296)

Front 169

What is the breathing pattern for infants and younger children?

Back 169

Infants and younger children are primarily diaphragmatic breathers, so the abdomen and chest will rise and fall together. (p. 297)

Front 170

True/False. A tender nodule palpated just under the nipple of an adolescent is irregular.

Back 170

False. A tender nodule palpated just under the nipple confirms pubertal changes. (p. 299)

Front 171

Identify the point of maximum intensity for the following: 1) Until age 4; 2) Age 4-6; 3) Age 7 and older

Back 171

1-4: 3rd to 4th intercostal space just medial of the child's left midclavicular line; 4-6: 4th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line; 7+: Lateral to the left midclavicular line at the 5th intercostal space

Front 172

A grade 4 murmur is:
A) Loud, audible with the edge of the stethoscope lifted off the chest
B) Quiet, soft; heard each time the chest is auscultated
C) Audible, with intermediate intensity
D) Audible, with a palpable thrill

Back 172

D) Audible, with a palpable thrill (p. 302)

Front 173

True/False. Visible peristaltic waves are abnormal and should be reported immediately.

Back 173

True

Front 174

During examination of the testes, a child should be in what position? What about an adolescent?

Back 174

Beyond infancy, allow the boy to sit cross-legged to reduce the cremasteric reflex that retracts the testicles during palpation. An adolescent boy may need to stand for the nurse to fully palpate the scrotum. (p. 304)

Front 175

Asking a child to shrug his shoulders tests what cranial nerve?

Back 175

XI

Front 176

True/False. Adolescents often demonstrate kyphosis.

Back 176

True. Adolescents often demonstrate kyphosis as the skeleton and muscles are both growing rapidly. (p. 305)

Front 177

What is the average weight, length, and head circumference of a newborn?

Back 177

7.5 lb; 19-21 in; head circumference 13-14

Front 178

At 6 months, what is the average weight, length, and head circumference?

Back 178

16 lb (doubles from birth); length 25-27 in; 16.5-17.5 in

Front 179

At 12 months, what is the average weight, length, and head circumference?

Back 179

23 lb; 28-30 in; 17.7-18.7 in

Front 180

The 7 main causes of early infant death in the United States include:

Back 180

Prematurity, low birthweight, congenital anomalies, SIDS, respiratory distress syndrome, unintentional injuries, and bacterial sepsis.
(Babies Really Can't Survive Long Preterm or Underweight)

Front 181

Children older than ___ years of age have their blood pressure measured at least once during every health care episode.

Back 181

3

Front 182

True/False. In children older than 1 year, systolic pressure in the thigh is 10-40 mm Hg higher than in the arm.

Back 182

True (p. 286)

Front 183

What is considered "underweight" with regard to BMI? Healthy? Overweight? Obese?

Back 183

Less than 5th percentile; 5th to <85th; Less than 85th to <95th; 95th+

Front 184

Simian creases may indicate...

Back 184

Down syndrome

Front 185

The anterior fontanel is about ___ cm, or the size of ___. The posterior fontanel is about ___ cm.

Back 185

4-5 cm, or the size of a quarter; 0.5-1 cm

Front 186

Visual acuity should be ?/? for children 3-4. It should be ?/? for children 5 or older.

Back 186

20/50; 20/30

Front 187

The lumbar curve of the spine forms at about ___ months of age.

Back 187

12-18

Front 188

"Knocknees" is common until age ___.

Back 188

7

Front 189

Absence of the red reflex may indicate what?

Back 189

The presence of cataracts.

Front 190

A foreskin that cannot be retracted in a boy older than 3 years of age may indicate ___.

Back 190

Phimosis