Peds Neuro

Front 1

Neural tube defects

Back 1

●Develop between the 17th and 30th days after conception
●During this time, the formation and closure of the neural tube normally takes place
●An NTD occurs when the neural tube does not close properly

Front 2

Neural tube defects risk factors

Back 2

● Heredity
●Maternal obesity
●Advance Maternal Age
●Maternal zinc ad folic acid deficiency
●Anti-convulsant drugs
●Lower socioeconomic class

Front 3

Anencephaly

Back 3

●Upper end of the neural tube does not close
●Brain does not develop completely
●Results in stillborns or death shortly after birth

Front 4

Encephalocele

Back 4

●Parts of the brain protrude outside the skull in a sac of skin
●Children who suffer from encephalocele usually live
●Mental capacities do not develop normally
●The degree of mental disability varies

Front 5

Spina bifida

Back 5

●Occurs when the lower end of the neural tube fails to close properly
●Spina Bifida occulta
●Spina Bifida cystica:Meningocele and myelomeningocele

●80% to 90% of infants born survive
●Varying degrees of disability
●May lead long, successful and productive lives
●Disabilities: Paralysis from waist, Hydrocephalus
, Learning disabilities

Front 6

Spinda bifida occulta

Back 6

•There is no opening on the back, but the outer part of some of the vertebrae are not completely closed.
•The spinal cord and covering (meninges) are undamaged and there is usually no nerve damage.
•There may be hair or a dimple at the site.

Front 7

Meningocele

Back 7

•The outer part of some of the vertebrae are split and the meninges are pushed out through the opening, appearing as a sac.
•Cerebrospinal fluid is in the sac.
•There is usually no nerve damage

Front 8

Myelomeningocele

Back 8

•This is the most serious form of spina bifida.
•The outer part of some of the vertebrae are split, and the spinal cord and meninges are damaged and pushed out through the opening.
•This causes nerve damage and almost always some degree of paralysis.

Front 9

Hydrocephalus

Back 9

Hydrocephalus is the abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

● communicating (non-obstructive hydrocephalus) caused by inadequate absorption of CSF when the ventricular pathways are not obstructed
● noncommunicating (obstructive hydrocephalus) caused by blockage in the ventricular pathways through which CSF flows.

Front 10

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 10

is a clear, water-like fluid made inthe choroid plexus for
1) Protection
2) Buoyancy
3) Excretion of waste products
4) Endocrine medium for the brain

Front 11

Absorption of CSF

Back 11

Absorption of the CSF into the blood stream takes place though structures called arachnoid villi, which have valves to prevent backflow

Front 12

Acute encephalopathies - Reyes

Back 12

●Usually associated with influenza B or varicella virus infections in children who have taken aspirin
●Pathology unknown
●Profound hypoglycemia, hypoketonemia, hyperammonemia
●Liver shows diffuse deposits of lipids
●Fatty degeneration of the kidneys leads to azotemia (excess urea in the blood)
●Brain is extremely edematous