Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
269 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the single most common disease of childhood?
|
Dental Caries
|
|
|
When do children developed their eating habits?
|
first 3 years of life
|
|
|
What is the two most common nutritional problems in amercian children?
|
Obesity and Type II diabetes
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of death in U.S. children?
|
Injury
|
|
|
What is the number of individuals that have died over a period of time called?
|
Mortality
|
|
|
What is the prevelence of a specific illness in the population over a period of time called?
|
Morbidity
|
|
|
What is another name for new morbidity?
|
Pediatric Social Illness
|
|
|
What does new morbidity/Pediatric Social Illness mean?
|
Behaviroal, social, and educational problems that children face
|
|
|
What is the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, or palliation of acute and chronic conditions called?
|
Therapeutic care
|
|
|
What percent of children in poverty are homeless?
|
10%
|
|
|
What family structure consists of a married couple and their biological children?
|
Traditional
|
|
|
What family structure consists of two parents and their children?
|
Nuclear
|
|
|
What family structure consists of at least one step parent/sibling, or half sibling?
|
Blended or reconsitituted
|
|
|
What family structure consists of other family members like grandparent or aunt/uncle?
|
Extended
|
|
|
What family structure consists of one parent?
|
Single parent
|
|
|
What family structure consists of divorced children that split time with mom/dad?
|
Binuclear
|
|
|
What family structure consists of multiple wives/husbands?
|
Polygamous
|
|
|
What family structure consists of collective sharing of property and goods between multiple families?
|
Communal
|
|
|
What family structure consists of parents of the same sex or other non-traditional ("christian") parents?
|
GLBT
|
|
|
What is generational continuity?
|
raising your kids the same way you were raised
|
|
|
One version of a gene at a given location (locus) along a chromosome is called?
|
Alleles
|
|
|
The most common version of a gene in a population is called?
|
Wild type allele
|
|
|
An abnormal chromosome pattern in which the total number of chromosomes is not a multiple of the haploid number is called?
|
Aneuploidy
|
|
|
The 22 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells that do not greatly influence sex determination at conception is called?
|
Autosomes
|
|
|
What is the center of a chromosome called?
|
Centromere
|
|
|
What does CVS stand for?
|
Chorionic Villi Sampling
|
|
|
What does cngenital mean?
|
present at birth
|
|
|
What is a chromosome abberation?
|
Genetic disorders that reult from number or structure of chromosomes
|
|
|
What is an acocentric chromosome?
|
Chromosome with a misplaced centromere
|
|
|
What is a metacentric chromosome?
|
Chromosome with a centrally located centromere (equal arms and legs)
|
|
|
What is it called when two individuals have the same genetic trait?
|
Concordant
|
|
|
What is the study of chromosomes?
|
Cytogenetics
|
|
|
What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
|
Dip=2X copy of each chromosome. hap=1 copy
|
|
|
What syndrome is b/c of depletion of the short arm of chromosome B(5)?
|
Cri du chat (cats cry) syndrome
|
|
|
What is a genome?
|
complete genetic information of an organism
|
|
|
What is someones genotype?
|
Their physical characteristics
|
|
|
What does hemizygote mean?
|
an single allele (men have this b/c XY)
|
|
|
What do you call genes that have matching pairs?
|
Homologous
|
|
|
What do you call an individual with two diff. alleles at one given locus?
|
Heterozygote
|
|
|
What is a locus?
|
The location of a specific gene on a chromosome
|
|
|
What is it called when someone inherits a single-gene trait(s)?
|
Mendelian inheritance
|
|
|
What syndrome is caused by a missing X chromosome?
|
Turner syndrome
|
|
|
What is an oncogene?
|
Malignant cells
|
|
|
What do you call someones family tree that includes hereditary information?
|
Pedegree chart
|
|
|
What is phenotype?
|
The expressed trait (like most ppl have eyes but they are diff color, the color is the phenotype)
|
|
|
What is an evironmental agent that can cause birth defects?
|
Teratogen
|
|
|
What is a congenetal anomaly?
|
Birth defect
|
|
|
What are the four classifications of congenital anomolies?
|
Deformation, Disruption, Dysplasia, Malformation
|
|
|
When can a genetic evaluation happen?
|
any point in the life span
|
|
|
What is preimplantation genetic diagnosis?
|
test tube babies that are tested for genetic abnormalities at 6-8 cell stage, then a normal baby is chosen and implanted in mom
|
|
|
How many days range is the neonate?
|
Birth to 30 days
|
|
|
How many days range is the infant?
|
1 month to 12 months
|
|
|
How should an infant be positioned for an assessment?
|
Supine
|
|
|
When is it okay to take a rectal temp?
|
ONLY if an MD orders it
|
|
|
When taking blood pressure, what extremity should never be used?
|
the extremity with an IV in it
|
|
|
What three things should be noted about a babies fontanel when crying?
|
molding, swelling, bulging
|
|
|
What is the red reflex?
|
When shinning a light in the eye, it should show red (like in photographs 'red eye')
|
|
|
What reflex is used to ensure successful breastfeeding?
|
Rooting reflex
|
|
|
What is tactile fremitus in an infant?
|
crying
|
|
|
How do you check an infants grasp reflex?
|
place your thumbs in the infants hand and pull the infant gently up
|
|
|
What is it called when two or more fingers or toes are joined together?
|
Syndactyl
|
|
|
What is Ortolani's sign?
|
testing for posterior dysplacement of the hip
|
|
|
What are mongolian spots?
|
discoloration around the lumbrosacral area and are usually found in east asain groups
|
|
|
When do Mongolian spots disappear?
|
normally by 3-5 yrs, but if not def. by puberty
|
|
|
How long should you count for BP & RR?
|
one full minute
|
|
|
When should the anterior fontanel be closed by?
|
15-18 months
|
|
|
When do you stop inspecting a child's genitalia?
|
after they stop using diapers/pull ups and of course NEVER if a parent is not present
|
|
|
What should the weight gain be for first 6 months of life?
|
1/2-1 Kg per month
|
|
|
What should the weight gain be for the second 6 months of life?
|
1/2-1 Kg per every 2 months
|
|
|
By 5-6 months of life an infants birth weight should do what?
|
DOUBLE
|
|
|
By 12 months of life an infants birth weight should do what?
|
TRIPLE
|
|
|
What is the average weight of a 6 month old?
|
7.2 Kg
|
|
|
What is the average weight of a 12 month old?
|
9.75 Kg
|
|
|
What does head growth indicate in an infant?
|
Brain growth
|
|
|
How many cm should an infants head grow in the first 3 months?
|
2 cm per month
|
|
|
How many cm should an infants head grow in between 4-6 months?
|
1 cm per month
|
|
|
How many cm should an infants head grow between 6-12 months?
|
0.5 cm per month
|
|
|
What does a child with a large head indicate?
|
NOT a big brain but possibly a medical condition like hydrocephaly)
|
|
|
When do teeth usually start to erupt?
|
around 6 months
|
|
|
What is a babies visual acuity when it is first born?
|
20/100 or 20/400
|
|
|
When should a baby start to watch their parents when they are talking?
|
4 weeks
|
|
|
When does a baby start to have convergence on near objects like a rattle?
|
6-12 weeks
|
|
|
When does the baby start to develop hand to eye coordination?
|
20-28 weeks
|
|
|
What is a possible reason for a baby not developing their hand eye coordination at 20-28 weeks?
|
possible stroke inutero
|
|
|
When should a baby start to look at their own hands while laying on their back?
|
6-12 weeks
|
|
|
When will a baby be able to fixate on small objects?
|
28-44 weeks
|
|
|
When can a baby follow objects that move quickly?
|
44-52 weeks
|
|
|
When should a baby be able to turn their head towards a sound?
|
8-12 weeks
|
|
|
What two noises should a baby respond to at 1 month?
|
Lound noises (startle reflex) and parents voice
|
|
|
When should a baby be able to locate sound by turning their head side to side and looking in that direction?
|
12-16 weeks
|
|
|
When should a baby be able to locate sound by turning their head up and down and looking in that direction?
|
16-24 weeks
|
|
|
When does a baby start to respond to their name?
|
24-32 weeks
|
|
|
When a baby responds to their name (24-32 weeks) what should their response be?
|
smile and be exited
|
|
|
When should a baby be babbling?
|
32-40 weeks (9months)
|
|
|
When should a baby know the meaning of the word no?
|
40-52 weeks
|
|
|
When should you be concerned about a baby missing a milestone?
|
When they miss two or more (one is okay b/c they will go back and get it)
|
|
|
When does a baby start grasping?
|
2-3 months
|
|
|
What do babies do with their hands at 1 month?
|
closed hands
|
|
|
What do babies do with their hands at 4 months?
|
grasp an object in the hand
|
|
|
What do babies do with their hands at 6 months?
|
Hand to hand transfer of objects
|
|
|
What do babies do with their hands at 9 months?
|
Pincer grasp
|
|
|
When does a baby start the pincer grasp?
|
9 months
|
|
|
When does a baby attempt to stack blocks?
|
12 months
|
|
|
When can a baby hold their own head up?
|
3 months
|
|
|
When can a baby lift their head and chest with their arms?
|
4 months
|
|
|
When does a baby start to have good head control?
|
4-6 months
|
|
|
When does a baby start to roll over?
|
5-6 months (up to 7 months)
|
|
|
When can a baby sit by themselves?
|
7 months
|
|
|
When can a baby maneuver from prone to sitting?
|
10 months
|
|
|
When can a baby start to bear weight on their legs to stand (with assistance)?
|
6-7 months
|
|
|
When does a baby start to crawl and pull themselves up to a stand?
|
9 months
|
|
|
When does furniture walking usually occur?
|
11 months
|
|
|
when does walking usually occur?
|
1 year
|
|
|
What psychosocial development stage is a baby at from birth to 1 year?
|
Trust vs. Mistrust
|
|
|
What cognitive development stage is a baby from birth to 1 year?
|
Sensorimotor Period
|
|
|
When does a baby start to have seperation anxiety?
|
Begins around 4-8 months
|
|
|
When does a baby start to have stranger anxiety?
|
begins around 6-9 months
|
|
|
When does the baby start to say momma and dadda?
|
1 year
|
|
|
When does a baby start to imitate sounds?
|
6 months
|
|
|
When does a baby start to laugh?
|
4 months
|
|
|
When might a baby play peek a boo?
|
6 months
|
|
|
when might a baby play pat a cake?
|
10 months
|
|
|
When will a baby be able to start to attach to others besides mom?
|
7 months
|
|
|
When should you give a baby fluoride if breast feed?
|
6 months
|
|
|
What vitamin is important to give to baby if breast feed (and formula until they are taking a quart a day)?
|
Vitamin D
|
|
|
What causes rickets?
|
Vitamin D deficiency
|
|
|
What does a vitamin D deficiency cause?
|
rickets
|
|
|
When can a baby start solid foods?
|
6 months
|
|
|
When does a baby start finger foods?
|
9 months
|
|
|
When does baby start table foods?
|
1 year
|
|
|
Which polio vaccines are live and which are inactivated?
|
Live: oral & Inactivated: IM
|
|
|
Is hep A&B vaccine live or inactive?
|
Inactive
|
|
|
Is MMR vaccine live or inactive?
|
Live
|
|
|
Is Varicella vaccine live or inactive?
|
Live
|
|
|
Is TB's vaccine BCG live or inactive?
|
Live
|
|
|
Is pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine live or inactivated?
|
Inactive
|
|
|
Is pertussis vaccine live or inactivated?
|
Inactive
|
|
|
Is Diptheria vaccine live or inactive?
|
Inactive
|
|
|
Injuries are the leading cause of death for what age range?>
|
6-12 months
|
|
|
What are the top three leading causes of injury?
|
1) falls 2) Ingestion 3) Burns
|
|
|
What is the most likely age for a baby to suffer from a fall?
|
3-5 months
|
|
|
what age has the highest rate of poisoning?
|
2 years
|
|
|
Why might a baby be deficient in Vitamin C?
|
1) high doses of salicyclates 2) Tobacco exposure
|
|
|
What vitamin deficiency is associated with measles?
|
Vitamin A
|
|
|
Children with vitamin A deficiency are likely to have what two complications?
|
1) diarrhea 2) infection
|
|
|
A food allergy is caused by exposure to allergens (proteins) that cause what response?
|
IgE antibody response
|
|
|
What are the 6 most common foods to have an allergy or sensitivity to?
|
1) Milk 2) Eggs 3) wheat 4) nuts 5)soy 6) shellfish
|
|
|
What defines colic abdominal pain in a baby?
|
happens more than 3X weeks, 3X days, and 3X hours
|
|
|
What is an adult like if they were a colicky baby?
|
normal, they grow up normally and in most cases it resolves as the infant matures
|
|
|
If a child's height and weight fall below the 5th percentile, what is this called?
|
FTT: Failure to thrive
|
|
|
What can Cystic Fibrosis, Celiac Dz, Biliary atresia, or hepatic dz do to the absorption of foods?
|
causes inadequate absorption
|
|
|
What is caused by prolonged contact with a wet diaper?
|
Diaper Dermatitis
|
|
|
What is a chronic inflammatory reaction that occurs primarily on the scalp called?
|
Seborrheic Dermatitis
|
|
|
What is a chronic inflammatory condition that results from allergy/hereditary called?
|
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
|
|
|
What prevents SIDS?
|
baby sleeping supine
|
|
|
What are the 4 risks for SIDS?
|
1) LBW 2) male 3) recent viral infection 4) family hx of SIDS
|
|
|
What is the definition of apnea?
|
cessation of breathing for >30 seconds
|
|
|
What age range is a toddler?
|
1-3 years
|
|
|
What is the weight gain expectancy for a toddler?
|
4-6 Lbs a year
|
|
|
How many inches tall is a toddler expected to grow?
|
3 inches per year
|
|
|
When can you estimate adult height?
|
at 2 years (double the height)\
|
|
|
When does the anterior fontanel close?
|
12-18 months
|
|
|
What is a toddlers visual acuity?
|
20/40 with poor depth perception
|
|
|
When does a toddler kick or throw a ball?
|
15 months
|
|
|
When does a toddler run, but fall easily?
|
18 months
|
|
|
When can a toddler walk up or down stairs?
|
2 years
|
|
|
When can a toddler Jump?
|
2 1/2 years
|
|
|
When can a toddler stand on one foot and climb stairs?
|
3 years
|
|
|
When can a toddler feed themselves with a spoon or fork?
|
15 months
|
|
|
When can toddlers draw with crayons (lines, scribbles)?
|
2 years
|
|
|
When can a toddler copy circles or crosses?
|
3 years
|
|
|
What psychosocial developmental stage is a toddler?
|
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
|
|
|
What cognitive developmental stage is a 12-24 month old?
|
Sensorimotor Phase
|
|
|
What cognitive developmental stage is a 2-4 year old?
|
Preoperational Phase (preconceptual??)
|
|
|
When is the most critical age for speech development?
|
2-4 years
|
|
|
When should a child be forming 2-3 word phrases?
|
2 years
|
|
|
When should a child be forming simple sentences?
|
3 years
|
|
|
What kind of appetite does a toddler have?
|
little, the growth rate slows down
|
|
|
How many cups of whole milk should a child consume and when should they switch to a lower percentage of milk fat?
|
2-3 cups of milk until age 2 then switch to less %.
|
|
|
What is the age range for a preschooler?
|
3-5 years
|
|
|
What is a preschoolers average weight gain?
|
4.5-6.5 pounds per year
|
|
|
What is a preschoolers average height growth in inches?
|
2.5-3.5 inches per year
|
|
|
When can a child catch a ball?
|
4 years
|
|
|
When does a child begin to learn to swim and jump rope?
|
5 years
|
|
|
When does a child begin to draw shapes?
|
3 years
|
|
|
When does a child begin to draw stick people?
|
4-5 years
|
|
|
What psychosocial developmental stage is a preschooler?
|
Initiative vs guilt
|
|
|
What cognitive developmental stage is a4-7 year old?
|
Intuitive thought
|
|
|
What is the main transition between preconceptual phase and intuitive thought?
|
the ability to consider others ideas
|
|
|
approx. how many words should a preschooler know?
|
2100
|
|
|
What is a preschoolers caloric requirements?
|
90 Kcal/kg= approx 1800 calories
|
|
|
How much calcium should a 1-3 year old consume?
|
500 mg
|
|
|
How much calcium should a 4-8 year old consume?
|
800 mg
|
|
|
What agent causes chicken pox?
|
Varicella Zoster
|
|
|
What is the source and transmission of Varicella Zoster?
|
Source: respitory secretions & Transmitted by direct contact
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of Chicken pox?
|
Temp, pruritis, vesicle formation
|
|
|
What agent causes Erythema Infectiosum?
|
Human Parvovirus B19
|
|
|
How is Erythema Infectiosum transmitted?
|
Respiratory secretion and blood
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of Erythema Infectiosum?
|
1) slapped cheek 2) then macular papular rash down body 3) returns with irritation
|
|
|
What agent causes roseola Infantum?
|
Human Herpes virus Type 6
|
|
|
What is the source of transmission of Roseola Infantum?
|
saliva, nasal, buccal, conjunctival mucosa
|
|
|
What age is a child likely to contract Roseola Infantum?
|
6-18 months
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of Roseola Infantum?
|
High fever for 3-4 days then Macular papular rash
|
|
|
What agent causes Mumps?
|
Paramyxovirus
|
|
|
What is the source of transmission of mumps?
|
saliva with direct contact/droplet
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of Mumps?
|
Fever, HA, Malaise, earache, and parotitis (you know it is mumps if you look from behind and see swelling, if no swelling then possibly paratiditis)
|
|
|
What agent causes Measles?
|
Virus
|
|
|
What is the source of transmission of measles?
|
Respiratory secretion, urine and blood (direct contact with droplets)
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of measles?
|
Fever, Mailaise, coryza, cough and koplik spots, macular papular rash on the palms
|
|
|
What Nursing management do you do for someone with measles?
|
Antipyrectics, dim lights, skin care
|
|
|
What agent causes Pertussis?
|
Bordetella Pertussis
|
|
|
What is the source of transmission of Pertussis?
|
discharge from respiratory tract (direct or droplet)
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of Pertussis?
|
URI sx's, low grade fever, cough that become a "whooop", cant catch their breath, cyanosis
|
|
|
What agent causes Rubella?
|
Rubella Virus
|
|
|
What is the source of transmisison of Rubella?
|
Nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, urine, stool
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of Rubella?
|
Low grade fever, HA, Lymphadenopathy, head to toe red/pink maculopapular exanthema that resolves toe to head by third day/
|
|
|
What agent causes scarlet fever?
|
Group A Beta-hemolytic strptococci
|
|
|
What is the source of transmission for Scarlet Fever?
|
Nasopharyngeal secretions by direct contact
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of scarlet fever?
|
Fever, Ha, st, vomiting, abd. pain, exudative pharyngitits, strawberry red tongue, red punctate lesions and peeling of the hands feet
|
|
|
If a child ingests an injurous agent, what Nursing actions should you do?
|
give activated charcoal, VS, RR & HR checks, prepare for shock and intubation
|
|
|
What is the clinical manifestation for lead poisoning?
|
anemia
|
|
|
What is the term for removing lead from the blood?
|
Chelation
|
|
|
What is Chelation Therapy?
|
Painful injections in the thigh that absorb lead in the blood
|
|
|
What is the name of the form that you fill out if you suspect child abuse?
|
3200
|
|
|
What is the age range for a school aged children?
|
6-12 years
|
|
|
how much weight is expected to be gained for the school age child?
|
4-6 pounds per year
|
|
|
How many cm tall is a school age child expected to grow?
|
5 cm per year
|
|
|
What psychosocial developmental stage is a school age child?
|
Industry vs. Inferiority
|
|
|
What cognitive developmental stage is a school age child?
|
Concrete Operational Thought
|
|
|
What is the most common tick born disorder in the US?
|
Lyme disease
|
|
|
What is the etiology of Lyme Disease?
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
What are the three stages of Lyme Disease?
|
1) bite, annular ring 2) DIsseminated disease 3) systemic involvement
|
|
|
What tests do you do for Lyme disease?
|
ELISA and western blot
|
|
|
What medication do you give to someone with Lyme disease?
|
Amoxicillian/Doxycycline
|
|
|
How should you treat a bite from a mammal?
|
clean wound, pressure dressing, ABX
|
|
|
What is enuresis?
|
Bed wetting
|
|
|
What is encopresis?
|
leakage of stool
|
|
|
What age range is early adolescence?
|
11-14 years
|
|
|
What age range is middle adolescence?
|
15-17 years
|
|
|
What age range is late adolescence?
|
18-20 years
|
|
|
Puberty is controlled by which hormones?
|
GnRH, FSH, LH
|
|
|
What controls the hormones GnRH, FSH, and LH?
|
anterior pituitary
|
|
|
Describe Tanner stage I
|
No sexual development charactersitics
|
|
|
Describe Tanner stage II
|
Breast buds, pubic hair development beginings
|
|
|
Describe Tanner stage III
|
Enlargement of breasts, penis growth, more pubic hair
|
|
|
Describe Tanner Stage IV
|
Projection of areola, more penis growth, more pubic hair
|
|
|
Describe Tanner Stage V
|
Mature Configurations of breasts, adult characteristics of pubic hair, penis and scrotum maturity
|
|
|
What percent of our final growth happens during puberty?
|
20-25%
|
|
|
Girls reach their growth peak at which age?
|
12 years
|
|
|
Boys reach their growth peak at what age?
|
14 years
|
|
|
Menarche for girls begins when?
|
6-12 months after their peak height velocity
|
|
|
during adolescence, what grows neurologically speaking?
|
support cells increase to nourish the neurons, but neurons do not grow as well as increased myelin sheath causing faster cognitive capacity
|
|
|
What cognitive developmental stage is an adolescent in?
|
formal operational thought (they can think abstractly and about the future)
|
|
|
What is a Microsystem, Mesosystem, and Exosystem?
|
Micro: families, peer, school, work; Meso: Interaction of micro; Exo:Community and society
|
|
|
What acronym do you use for health screening interviews with adolescence?
|
SAFETIME
|
|
|
What does SAFETIME stand for?
|
S=Sexuality, A=Affect/Abuse, F=Family, E=Examination, T=Timing of development, I=Immunizations, M=Minerals, E=Education, Employment, S=Safety
|
|
|
What percentile defines obesity?
|
BMI>95th
|
|
|
What causes loose joints in Down Syndrome?
|
Hypotoxicity
|
|
|
What labs should you order for someone with an eating disorder?
|
CBC, ESR, C-reactive protein, Elytes: Ca, Mg, Phos, BUN, Cr, U/A, bone density
|
|
|
Which is more prevelent, chronic or acute illness?
|
CHRONIC
|
|
|
What is a developmental disability?
|
Mental/Physical Disability before 22 months, likely to continue
|
|
|
Define handicap?
|
Barrier w/in society, environement, or self, NOT A DISABILITY
|
|
|
Define Disability?
|
Long-term ability to engage in daily activities b/c of disability
|
|
|
What age group is at the highest risk for gonorrhea?
|
15-19 year olds
|
|
|
What medication do you give to someone with Gonorrhea?
|
Cetriaxone/Zithromax
|
|
|
What is the most common bacterial STI?
|
Chlamydia
|
|
|
What medication do you give to somenoe with Chlamydia?
|
Zithromax
|
|
|
What is a common side effect of HPV?
|
Warts
|
|
|
What should a patients BMI goal be?
|
between the 5th % and the 94th %
|
