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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is meningitis |
inflammation of the meninges |
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s/s of meningitis |
fever, nuchal rigidity, altered mental status |
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Decorticate |
flexor posturing |
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decerebrate |
extensor posturing |
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legg- calve perthes |
self limiting condition in which there is avascular necrosis of the femoral head. affects boys more than girls. ages 2-12 can be unilateral or bilateral |
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bryants traction |
skin traction where hips are flexed at 90* angle with butt raided off the bed. active infants may require a jacket restraint to maintain body alignment |
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buck skin traction |
used for fractures of femur and in hip and knee contractions high fowlers position. |
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russell traction |
similar to bucks, however a sling is positioned under the knee which suspends the distal thigh above the bed. |
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skin traction |
uses a polling force that is applied by wts using tape and straps applied to skin along with boots and or cuffs. wts are attached by a rope to the extremity. |
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skeletal traction
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applied mechanically to bone with pins, wires or tongs. n/c daily cleansing of the pin site is essential. |
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90* traction |
a wire pin is inserted into the distal segment of femur. lower leg may be placed in a boot cast or supported by a sling. |
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cervial traction |
crutchfield or barton tongs may be used in the skull to provide cervical traction |
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nursing care for tractions |
sheepskin padding. sheets are pulled taut and kept free of crumbs. jacket restraint is changed when soiled. drink plenty of fluids and eat foods that are high in roughage to prevent constipation. special precautions to prevent choking and aspiration during mealtime. |
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Duchennes muscular dystrophy |
most prevalent & disabling of inherited neuromuscular disorders. |
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S/S of Duchennes muscular dystrophy |
clumsiness. gross motor activities impairment. difficulty keeping up with peers. gower's maneuver. champagne bottle deformation. gait- up on toes, intoeing, shoulders and back |
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why is osteomyelitis painful |
severe infection of bone marrow. bone marrow and surrounding soft tissue. extreme bone pain |
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how to asses for scoliosis
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have child bend over at the waist w/ arms hanging down and observe for curvature of spine |
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Kyphosis |
excessive curvature of the thoracic spine |
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Lordosis |
exaggerated curve of the lumbar vertebrae |
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Milwaukee brace |
a brace for scoliosis, exerts pressure on the chin, pelvis and convex side of spine. |
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teaching for Milwaukee brace |
wore for 23 hours a day and worn over a T-shirt. |
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What do we call an organization of characteristics that determins an individuals pattern of behavior? |
Personality |
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How many deciduous teeth do children have?
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20 deciduous teeth |
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Grasp Reflex |
lightly stimulates the palm (used in determining neurological or muscular maturity of newborns) |
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Pincer Grasp
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object |
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Parachute reflex
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infant is suddenly thrust downward when prone |
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When is an infants birth weight expected to double? |
6 months old |
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What are the normal vital signs for an infant?
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RR- 26-40 B/P- 80-100/ 55/65 T- 97-100.3 |
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What is colic and how is it treated? |
crying in a healthy, well-fed infant Tx- hold infant face down and close to the body while supporting the abdomen and provide and gentle rocking motion often soothes the baby |
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When should the anterior and posterior fontanels close? |
Posterior- a few months after birth Anterior- last to close, usually 18-24 months |
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What is the best position for a newborn to sleep in? |
Back/supine position |
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anxiety? |
Protest Despair Denial or detachment |
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What causes diaper rash, and how is it treated? |
urine or stool, rubbing, medication reaction, teething Tx- frequent diaper changes, A&D/protective ointment can be applied |
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Why is an iron rich formula important to offer to a 6 month old? |
Maternal iron stores decrease by 6 mths of age
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What is solitary, associative, cooperative, and parallel play? At what ages would you expect to see each? |
other (1-2 yrs) *Cooperative- children play w/each other w/specific roles (imagination and sharing) (3-5 yrs) *Associative- group play (3yr?) *Solitary- independent play (2-3yrs?) |
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What are indications of toilet training readiness? |
*must be willing to sit on toilet for several minutes at a time *child needs to be able to communicate that they need to use the bathroom or they are wet |
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What are ways that a parent can encourage independence of their children? |
making decision *responsibilities/chores |
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Is it okay for a preachooler to have an imaginary friend? |
yes, helps child adjust to expanding world and increase independence |
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Enuresis |
involuntary urination after the age at which bladder control should have been established Tx: reward & charting, counseling, hypnosis, behavior modification, and pharmacologics |
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Fears of children |
Infants and toddlers- seperation child and preachool - death |
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Piagets theories |
senorimotor, preoperational, preceptual, and concrete |
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Sensorimotor |
age birth to 2; relates to outside events, sensations and actions |
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Preoperational |
ages 2 to 7; still egocentric, sees workd as self sees it |
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Preceptual |
ages 4 to 7; situation at one time, capable of some reasoning |
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why do fractures heal faster in children than adults |
children's periosteum is stronger, thicker and less stiffness on mobilization |
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T&A (tonsillitis & adenoiditis) |
located in the pharynx, made of lympth tissue and part of the bodys defense mechanism against infection |
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what must you assess for in T&A? |
difficulty swallowing & breathing, enlarged adenoids block the nasal passage resulting in mouth breathing |
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S/S of asthma |
wheezing, coughing, sob, chest pain |
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tx for asthma |
appropriate drug therapy, f/u care, routine immunizations, influenza vaccine, measurements of lung function, environmental controls of allergens & irritants |
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cystic fibrosis |
chronic lung disease in children inherited recessive trait. both parents carry the gene |
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tx for cystic fibrosis |
respiratory relief, antimicrobials, intermittent aerosol therapy, bronchiodilators, postural drainage and chest clappy therapy. pursed lip breathing |
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VSD ( ventricular septal defect) |
most common heart anomaly. opening between rt and left ventricles of heart. loud harsh murmur.
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TX for VSD
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open heart surgery |
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Tetralogy of fallot |
4 defects- stenosis, hypertrophy of rt ventricle, dextroposition, VSD. squatting position to breath easily, alters systemic venous return, cyanosis increases with age. clubbing of fingers and toes |
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hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
underdevelopment of left side of heart. resulting in an absent or nonfunctional left ventricle & hypoplasia of ascending aorta. |
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S/S and DX of hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
DX: at birth S/S- grayish blue color of skin, dyspena, weak pulse and cardiac murmur |
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rheumatic fever |
systemic disease involving the joints, heart, CNS, skin and subcutaneous tissue. |
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Complications of blood transfusion |
haemolytic reaction |
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Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) |
most common type of childhood leukemia, cancer in bone marrow makes too many immature lymphocytes |
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S/S of ALL |
fever, pallor, bruising, leg and joint pain. listlessness, abdominal pain, enlarged lymph nodes |
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Acute nonlymphoid leukemia (AML) |
too may immature blood forming cells in the blood and bone marrow |
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Pyloric stenosis |
projectile vomiting |
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intussception |
twisted intestine, folds inside itself |
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pinworms s/s |
restless sleeping, pain, rash, itchy butt, tx- anthelmintics ( mebendazole) |
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persistent vomiting can lead to which acid base imbalance and why? |
alkalosis, b/c you are losing acid in the stomach each time you vomiting leading to alkaosis |
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Concrete |
7-11; cause and effect, logical thinking |
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Teaching different age groups |
teach according to intellectual and emotional status, kids take words literally, use words wisely |
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Erickson's Stages of Development |
trust vs mis trust autonomy vs shame and doubt intitiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority idenity vs role confusion |
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Trust vs mistrust |
infants; needs need to be met |
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Autonomy vs shame and doubt |
toddlers; trying out speech |
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Intitative vs guild |
preschool age; questioning |
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industry vs inferiority |
school age; learning to win, and different sex |
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Idenity vs role diffusion |
adult age |
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Adolscent acne |
causes are puberty, stress, and gentic factor |
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Technique used to admin oral meds to infant |
dont dilute in formula or water, elevated head so dont aspirate, give slowly, using the hug tech (legs between knees, one arm behind your back, holding other arm with ur free hand) & have juice or water for chaser |
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Ear gtts for four years old |
pull ear up and back to straighten canal, message thd area in front of ear, facilitatae entry of the drops, and sitting in supine few mintues |
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How often to asses child with I V |
hourly, assess for decrease volume in bag, rate of flow, pain, and site |
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Physiologic response differ from an adult and child |
absence of free hydroxhloric acid, more rapid intestinal transit time, metabolism slower, thin stratum corneum - topical meds faster, and poor perpheral perfusion |
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Lumbar puncture done for and how to positioned child |
spinal tap, spinal fluid or reduce pressure such as hydrocephalus or meningitis; position for infant- sat up position for older child lay on side with back parrallel, flexxed knees, and nurse holds head |
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Infants for susceptiable to ear infection |
shorter, wider, straighter, underdeveloped cartilage and bony structures |
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Post op care for child with tympanostomy with tubes |
no water in or around the ear, wear plugs during bathing |
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S/S of frostbite |
cold, blistering and ulcers, pale, hard skin without sensation, and sensitive skin; warm head and torso first |
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Scabies |
parasitic, adult female burrows and lays eggs under skin, anywhere on body but not face, transferred with close contact of 10-15 mins |
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Lice |
pediculosis, scalp and hair, hatch 3-4 days, more likely in girls and spread easy |
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Immunities |
natural immunity- resistance is inborn acquuired immunity- is not the result of inherited factors but gained as a result of having the disease passive immunity- provides the antibody, but does not last as long as immunity actively produce by the body |
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HIV |
most common STI, examples- herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B, chalmydia trachomatis, gonorrhea, and syphilis Tx: restoring normal bacteria in vagina area, Monistat, metronidazole, antibiotic, and penicillian, no cure for herpes, laser removal for condylomata, no cure for AIDS |
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Opportunistic infections |
caused by organisms normally found in the environment that the immun suppressed individual cannot fight off |
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Ataxic Cerebral palsy |
uncorrdinated movement and ataxia from a lesion in the cerebellum |
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Spastic cerebral palsy |
involves damage to the cortex of the brain, spasms occur woth movement, related tocerebrak asphyxia |
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Mixed cerebral palsy |
usualmy a combination of spastic and athetoid |
