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15 Cards in this Set
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1 mo
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Weight gain of 150-210 g (5-7 oz) weekly for first 6 mo
Height gain of 2.5 cm (1 in) monthly for first 6 mo Head circumference increases by 1.5 cm (0.6 in) monthly for first 6 mo Primitive reflexes present and strong Doll's eye reflex and dance reflex fading Obligatory nose breathing (most infants) ▪ Assumes flexed position with pelvis high but knees not under abdomen when prone (at birth, knees flexed under abdomen) ▪ Can turn head from side to side when prone; lifts head momentarily from bed Has marked head lag, especially when pulled from lying to sitting position Holds head momentarily parallel and in midline when suspended in prone position Assumes asymmetric tonic neck flex position when supine When held in standing position, is limp at knees and hips In sitting position, has uniformly rounded back, absence of head control Hands predominantly closed Grasp reflex strong Clenches hand on contact with rattle ▪ Able to fixate on moving object in range of 45 degrees when held at distance of 20-25 cm (8-10 in) Visual acuity approaches 20/100* Follows light to midline Quiets when hears a voice Cries to express displeasure Makes small, throaty sounds Makes comfort sounds during feeding Is in sensorimotor phase, stage I, use of reflexes (birth–1 mo); and stage II, primary circular reactions (1-4 mo) Watches parent's face intently as she or he talks to infant |
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2 mo
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Posterior fontanel closed
Crawling reflex disappears ▪ Assumes less flexed position when prone—hips flat, legs extended, arms flexed, head to side Less head lag when pulled to sitting position Can maintain head in same plane as rest of body when held in ventral suspension When prone, can lift head almost 45 degrees off table When held in sitting position, can hold head up, but bends forward Assumes asymmetric tonic neck flex position intermittently Hands often open Grasp reflex fading Binocular fixation and convergence to near objects beginning When supine, follows dangling toy from side to point beyond midline Visually searches to locate sounds Turns head to side when sound is made at level of ear ▪ Vocalizes, distinct from crying Crying becomes differentiated Coos Vocalizes to familiar voice ▪ Demonstrates social smile in response to various stimuli |
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3 mos
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Primitive reflexes fading
Able to hold head more erect when sitting, but still bobs forward Has only slight head lag when pulled to sitting position Assumes symmetric body positioning Able to raise head and shoulders from prone position to 45- to 90-degree angle from table; bears weight on forearms When held in standing position, able to bear slight fraction of weight on legs Regards own hand ▪ Actively holds rattle but will not reach for it Grasp reflex absent Hands kept loosely open Clutches own hand; pulls at blankets and clothes ▪ Follows objects to periphery (180 degrees) ▪ Locates sound by turning head to side and looking in same direction Begins to have ability to coordinate stimuli from various sense organs ▪ Squeals aloud to show pleasure Coos, babbles, chuckles Vocalizes when smiling “Talks” a great deal when spoken to Less crying during periods of wakefulness Displays considerable interest in surroundings Ceases crying when parent enters room Can recognize familiar faces and objects, such as feeding bottle Shows awareness of strange situations |
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4 mos
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Drooling begins
▪ Moro, tonic neck, and rooting reflexes disappeared ▪ Has almost no head lag when pulled to sitting position ▪ Balances head well in sitting position Back less rounded, curved only in lumbar area Able to sit erect if propped up Able to raise head and chest off surface to angle of 90 degrees Assumes predominant symmetric position ▪ Rolls from back to side ▪ Inspects and plays with hands; pulls clothing or blanket over face in play Tries to reach objects with hand but overshoots Grasps object with both hands Plays with rattle placed in hand, shakes it, but cannot pick it up if dropped Can carry objects to mouth Able to accommodate to near objects Binocular vision fairly well established Can focus on a 1.25-cm (0.5-in) block Beginning eye-hand coordination Makes consonant sounds n, k, g, p, b ▪ Laughs aloud Vocalization changes according to mood Is in stage III, secondary circular reactions Demands attention by fussing; becomes bored if left alone Enjoys social interaction Anticipates feeding when sees bottle or mother if breast-feeding Shows excitement with whole body, squeals, breathes heavily Shows interest in strange stimuli Begins to show memory |
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5 mos
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Beginning signs of tooth eruption
Birth weight doubles No head lag when pulled to sitting position When sitting, able to hold head erect and steady Able to sit for longer periods when back is well supported Back straight When prone, assumes symmetric positioning with arms extended ▪ Can turn over from abdomen to back When supine, puts feet to mouth ▪ Able to grasp objects voluntarily Uses palmar grasp, bidextrous approach Plays with toes Takes objects directly to mouth Holds 1 cube while regarding a 2nd one Visually pursues dropped object Is able to sustain visual inspection of object Can localize sounds made below ear Squeals Makes cooing vowel sounds interspersed with consonant sounds (e.g., ah-goo) Smiles at mirror image Pats bottle or breast with both hands More enthusiastically playful, but may have rapid mood swings Is able to discriminate strangers from family Vocalizes displeasure when object is taken away Discovers parts of body |
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6 mos
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Growth rate may begin to decline
Weight gain of 90-150 g (3-5 oz) weekly for next 6 mo Height gain of 1.25 cm (0.5 in) monthly for next 6 mo ▪ May begin teething with eruption of 2 lower central incisors ▪ May chew and bite When prone, can lift chest and upper abdomen off surface, bearing weight on hands When about to be pulled to sitting position, lifts head Sits in high chair with back straight Rolls from back to abdomen When held in standing position, bears almost all of weight Hand regard absent Resecures a dropped object Drops 1 cube when another is given Grasps and manipulates small objects Holds bottle Grasps feet and pulls to mouth Adjusts posture to see object Prefers more complex visual stimuli Can localize sounds made above ear Will turn head to side, then look up or down ▪ Begins to imitate sounds ▪ Babbling resembles 1-syllable utterances—ma, mu, da, di, hi Vocalizes to toys, mirror image Takes pleasure in hearing own sounds (self-reinforcement) Recognizes parents; begins to fear strangers Holds arms out to be picked up Has definite likes and dislikes Begins to imitate (cough, protrusion of tongue) Excites on hearing footsteps Laughs when head is hidden in towel ▪ Briefly searches for dropped object (object permanence beginning) Frequent mood swings from crying to laughing with little or no provocation |
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7 mos
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Eruption of upper central incisors
When supine, spontaneously lifts head off surface ▪ Sits, leaning forward on both hands When prone, bears weight on 1 hand Sits erect momentarily Bears full weight on feet When held in standing position, bounces actively ▪ Transfers objects from one hand to other Has unidextrous approach and grasp Holds 2 cubes more than momentarily Bangs cubes on table Rakes at small object ▪ Can fixate on very small objects Responds to own name Localizes sound by turning head in curving arch Beginning awareness of depth and space Has taste preferences ▪ Produces vowel sounds and chained syllables—baba, dada, kaka Vocalizes 4 distinct vowel sounds “Talks” when others are talking ▪ Increasing fear of strangers; shows signs of fretfulness when parent disappears Imitates simple acts and noises Tries to attract attention by coughing or snorting Plays peek-a-boo Demonstrates dislike of food by keeping lips closed Exhibits oral aggressiveness in biting and mouthing Demonstrates expectation in response to repetition of stimuli |
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8 mos
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Begins to show regular patterns in bladder and bowel elimination
Parachute reflex appears ▪ Sits steadily unsupported Readily bears weight on legs when supported; may stand holding onto furniture Adjusts posture to reach object Has beginning pincer grasp using index, 4th, and 5th fingers against lower part of thumb Releases objects at will Rings bell purposely Retains 2 cubes while regarding 3rd cube Secures object by pulling on string Reaches persistently for toys out of reach Makes consonant sounds t, d, and w Listens selectively to familiar words Utterances signal emphasis and emotion Combines syllables, such as dada, but does not ascribe meaning to them Increasing anxiety over loss of parent, particularly mother, and fear of strangers Responds to word “no” Dislikes dressing, diaper change |
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9 mos
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Eruption of upper lateral incisor may begin
Creeps on hands and knees Sits steadily on floor for prolonged time (10 min) Recovers balance when leaning forward but cannot do so when leaning sideways ▪ Pulls self to standing position and stands holding onto furniture ▪ Uses thumb and index finger in crude pincer grasp Preference for use of dominant hand now evident Grasps 3rd cube Compares 2 cubes by bringing them together Localizes sounds by turning head diagonally and directly toward sound Depth perception increasing Responds to simple verbal commands Comprehends “no-no” Parent (mother) is increasingly important for own sake Shows increasing interest in pleasing parent Begins to show fears of going to bed and being left alone Puts arms in front of face to avoid having it washed |
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10 mos
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Labyrinth-righting reflex strongest when infant in prone or supine position; is able to raise head
Can change from prone to sitting position Stands while holding onto furniture, sits by falling down Recovers balance easily while sitting While standing, lifts one foot to take step Crude release of an object beginning Grasps bell by handle ▪ Says “dada,” “mama” with meaning Comprehends “bye-bye” May say one word (e.g., “hi,” “bye,” “no”) Inhibits behavior to verbal command of “no-no” or own name Imitates facial expressions; waves bye-bye Extends toy to another person but will not release it ▪ Develops object permanence Repeats actions that attract attention and cause laughter Pulls clothes of another to attract attention Plays interactive games such as pat-a-cake Reacts to adult anger; cries when scolded Demonstrates independence in dressing, feeding, locomotive skills, and testing of parents Looks at and follows picture in book |
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11 mos
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Eruption of lower lateral incisor may begin
When sitting, pivots to reach toward back to pick up an object ▪ Cruises or walks holding onto furniture or with both hands held Explores objects more thoroughly (e.g., clapper inside bell) Has neat pincer grasp Drops object deliberately for it to be picked up Puts one object after another into container (sequential play) Able to manipulate object to remove it from tight-fitting enclosure Imitates definite speech sounds Experiences joy and satisfaction when task is mastered Reacts to restrictions with frustration Rolls ball to another on request Anticipates body gestures when familiar nursery rhyme or story is being told (e.g., holds toes and feet in response to “This little piggy went to market”) Plays games up-down, “so big,” or peek-a-boo Shakes head for “no” |
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12 mos
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▪ Birth weight tripled
▪ Birth length increased by 50% Head and chest circumference equal (head circumference 46 cm [18 in]) Has total of 6-8 deciduous teeth Anterior fontanel almost closed Landau reflex fading Babinski reflex disappears Lumbar curve develops; lordosis evident during walking ▪ Walks with 1 hand held Cruises well ▪ May attempt to stand alone momentarily; may attempt 1st step alone Can sit down from standing position without help Releases cube in cup Attempts to build 2-block tower but fails Tries to insert pellet into narrow-necked bottle but fails Can turn pages in book, many at a time Discriminates simple geometric forms (e.g., circle) Amblyopia may develop with lack of binocularity Can follow rapidly moving object Controls and adjusts response to sound; listens for sound to recur ▪ Says 3-5 words besides “dada,” “mama” Comprehends meaning of several words (comprehension always precedes verbalization) Recognizes objects by name Imitates animal sounds Understands simple verbal commands (e.g., “Give it to me,” “Show me your eyes”) Shows emotions such as jealousy, affection (may give hug or kiss on request), anger, fear Enjoys familiar surroundings and explores away from parent Is fearful in strange situation; clings to parent May develop habit of “security blanket” or favorite toy Has increasing determination to practice locomotor skills ▪ Searches for object even if it has not been hidden, but searches only where object was last seen |
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15 mos
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Steady growth in height and weight
Head circumference 48 cm (19 in) Weight 11 kg (24 lb) Height 78.7 cm (31 in) Walks without help (usually since age 13 months) Creeps up stairs Kneels without support Cannot walk around corners or stop suddenly without losing balance Assumes standing position without support Cannot throw ball without falling Constantly casting objects to floor Builds tower of 2 cubes Holds 2 cubes in 1 hand Releases pellet into narrow-necked bottle Scribbles spontaneously Uses cup well but often rotates spoon Able to identify geometric forms; places round object into appropriate hole Binocular vision well developed Displays intense and prolonged interest in pictures Uses expressive jargon Says 4-6 words, including names Asks for objects by pointing Understands simple commands May shake head to denote “no” Uses “no” even while agreeing to the request Uses common gestures such as putting cup to mouth when empty Says 10 or more words Points to common object, such as shoe or ball, and to 2-3 body parts Forms word combinations Forms gesture-word combinations (points while naming) Forms gesture-gesture combinations Tolerates some separation from parent Less likely to fear strangers Beginning to imitate parents, such as cleaning house (sweeping, dusting), folding clothes May discard bottle Manages spoon but rotates it near mouth Kisses and hugs parents; may kiss pictures in book Expresses emotions; has temper tantrums Great imitator (domestic mimicry) Takes off gloves, socks, and shoes, and unzips zippers Temper tantrums may be more evident Beginning awareness of ownership (“my toy”) May develop dependency on transitional objects, such as “security blanket” |
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18 mos
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Physiologic anorexia from decreased growth needs
Anterior fontanel closed Physiologically able to control sphincters Runs clumsily; falls often Walks up stairs with 1 hand held Pulls and pushes toys Jumps in place with both feet Seats self on chair Throws ball overhand without falling Builds tower of 3-4 cubes Release, prehension, and reach well developed Turns 2-3 pages in book at a time In drawing, makes stroke imitatively Manages spoon without rotation |
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24 mos
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Head circumference 49-50 cm (19.5-20 in)
Chest circumference exceeds head circumference Lateral diameter of chest exceeds anteroposterior diameter Usual weight gain of 1.8-2.7 kg (4-6 lb) Usual gain in height of 10-12.5 cm (4-5 in) Adult height approximately double height at 2 yr May be ready to begin daytime control of bowel and bladder Primary dentition of 16 teeth Goes up and down stairs alone with 2 feet on each step Runs fairly well, with wide stance Picks up object without falling Kicks ball forward without overbalancing Builds tower of 6-7 cubes Aligns 2 or more cubes like a train Turns pages of book 1 at a time In drawing, imitates vertical and circular strokes Turns doorknob, unscrews lid Accommodation well developed in geometric discrimination; able to insert square block into oblong space Has vocabulary of approximately 300 words Uses 2-or 3-word phrases Uses pronouns “I,” “me,” “you” Understands directional commands Gives 1st name; refers to self by name Verbalizes need for toileting, food, or drink Talks incessantly Able to remember and imitate arbitrary sequences of manual actions and gestures Stage of parallel play Has sustained attention span Temper tantrums decreasing Pulls people to show them something Increased independence from parent Dresses self in simple clothing Develops visual recognition and verbal self-reference (“me big”) Develops awareness that feelings and desires of others may be different and begins to explore implications and consequences Separates more easily from parent In play, helps put things away; can carry breakable objects; pushes with good steering Begins to notice gender differences; knows own gender May attend to toilet needs without help except for wiping Emotions expand to include pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment |
