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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is incubation?
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the time between entrance of a pathogen and appearance of first symptoms
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What is prodrome?
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the time from nonspecific symptoms (fever, maliase) to more specific symptoms
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What is convalescence?
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Acute symptoms of illness disappear
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Why are infants and children at an increased risk for infection and communicable diseases?
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Limited exposure to disease and loosing passive immunity aquired from maternal antibodies
Increased inflammitory response, decreased response Cellular immunity not functional at birth, humoral immunity not functional at all Continues until they receive their first set of immunizations |
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What are common treatments for communicable diseases?
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Antibiotics
Antivirals Antipyretics Antipruritics Hydration Fever reduction |
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How can you manage fever in children?
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Tylenol q6hrs PRN
Ibuprofen q8hrs PRN (not in infants <6mo) ASA not used in children if child not uncomfortable, fever under 102.2 is ok |
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Name the bacterial infections
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Scarlet Fever
Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus |
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What is scarlet fever?
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Group A Hemolytic Strep causes Rash (<18yo) on the chest and abd lasting 2-5 days
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What are the symptoms of the rash in scarlet fever?
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redder in the armpits and groin
feels rough after ends, fingers and toes begin to peel Face is flushed with pale area around the lips |
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How can you manage scarlet fever?
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Respiratory precautions for 24hrs
Oral antibiotic for 10days Tx sore throat with anaglesics, gargles, lozenges, antiseptic throat spray Encourage fluids See HCP if fever persists |
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What is pertussis?
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Bordetella pertussis causes respiratory pbms transmitted through droplets before paroxysms to 4 weeks after onset
incubates for 10days |
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What is the management of pertussis?
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Provide humidity (mobilize secretions)
Fluids (thin mucous) Observe airway obstruction Provide reassurance during coughing spells Antibiotics |
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What antibiotics are used for pertussis?
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Macrolides
Erythromycin Azithromycin drugs for children less than 1 |
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What are the viral infections?
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Rubella
Rubeola (measles) Varicella Zoster Roseola Erythema Infectiosum (5ths disease) Mumps Poliomyelitis |
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What is rubella?
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Rubella virus transmitted in nasopharyngeal secretions, secretions in blood, stool, and urine through direct contact
Incubation for 14-21 days communicability 7days before and 5 days after appearance of rash |
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What is the treatment for rubella?
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Fever control
increased fluids rest |
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What are the s/s of rubella
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Rash on the face and rapidly spreads downward
Isolate from pregnant women TORCH affects fetus |
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What does TORCH stand for?
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Toxoplasmosis
Other Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex |
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What is the measles?
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virus that transmits through respiratory, blood, and urine
incubation period 10-20 days communicability 4 days before and 5 days after rash |
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What occurs in the prodromal phase of the measles?
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fever
cough conjunctivitis Koplik spots |
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What are kopliks spots?
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small irregular bright red spots with a blue-ish white speck at the center on the mucous membranes
looks like large flat blotches that flow into one another esp on the face and shoulders |
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What is the management for Measles?
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Vitamin A (100,000U for 6-12mo, 200,000U for >1yo)
Antipyretics Bed Rest Fluid Cool-mist humidification Dimly lit room, sunglasses (if photophobic) Isolation (droplet precaution) |
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What is the chicken pox?
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varicella causes red spots to occur usually in the spring spread by direct contact and droplet transmission
communicability 1-2 days before eruption of lesions until all have crusted Incubation 10-21 days after exposure |
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When can children return back to school
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not until all lesions have crusted
1 week they don't all have to fall off though |
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What are the s/s of chicken pox?
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tear drop vesicles on erythematous base Lesions erupt in successive crops beginning on trunk and ending at the face and scalp
Fever >102 |
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What is the treatment for chicken pox?
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Relieve the itch
soft bland foods Tylenol or ibuprofen for fever Antiviral meds (acyclovir for immunocomprimised kids) Cool tepid baths q3-4 hrs Calamine lotion Benadryl |
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Why is acyclovir used for immunocompromised children?
What are the complications of the chicken pox? |
shortens duration of the fever
decreases itching lethargy and anorexia viral pneumonia encephalitis secondary skin infections |
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What are the mumps?
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paramyxovirus spread through saliva incubating for 14-21 days causing parotid glands to swell and obscure the angle of the jaw
treatment is nonspecific and symptomatic |
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What are the complications of the mumps?
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encephalitis and orchitis
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What are the symptoms of pinworms?
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perianal itching
perianal dermatitis and excoriation possible vaginal itching and infection |
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How are pinworms diagnosed?
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Tape test
put a clear tape on a tongue depressor and press it on the anus in the morning and before BM it will pick up the eggs for testing |
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How should pinworms be treated?
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Vermox
single dose and repeat in 2 weeks weigh risks and benefits in child <2 yrs All family members should be treated good hand hygiene is most effective to prevent |
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What are the causes of conjunctivitis?
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bacterial
viral allergic foreign body |
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What are the s/s of bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye)?
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purulent eye drainage
eye crusting eyes may be matted together in the am after sleeping |
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What are the s/s of viral conjunctivitis?
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watery eye discharge
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What are the s/s of allergic conjunctivitis?
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red itching eyes
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What are the s/s of foreign body conjunctivitis?
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painful eye
usually only the one affected |
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What is the treatment for conjunctivitis?
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Bacterial - antibiotic ointment, removal of drainage, contagious
Viral and Allergic - self limiting Foreign body - removal of object |
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Who is at the greatest risk for poisoning? What are the sources of lead poisoning?
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houses built before 1978 and soil around it
lead based paint toys toy jewelry candy folk medicine |
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What are the s/s of lead poisoning?
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irritability
loss of appetite weight loss sluggishness abdominal pain vomiting constipation unusual paleness (pallor) from anemia Learning difficulty |
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What is the treatment for lead poisoning?
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levels >45 in blood
EDTA IV with BAL Therapy does not reverse damage iron supplements |
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What is the management for elevated levels of lead?
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<10 rescreen in one year
10-14 venus test, and environment needs to be evaluated (have LP) 15-44 Health department needs a home visit >44 retest within 48hrs >70 medical emergency |
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What are the s/s of Tylenol poisoning?
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Initially: 2-4 hrs
N/V, sweating, pallor Latent: 24-36hrs pt improves Hepatic involvement: 7 days pain in URQ jaundice, confusion if survive past hepatic involvement, will recover |
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What is the treatment for Tylenol poisoning?
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Mucomyst + juice
1 loading dose 17 maintenance doses |
