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369 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does cephalacaudal growth mean?
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Head to tail
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What does proximodistal growth mean?
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center to periphery
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How much weight does an infant gain per week after birth?
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5-7 ounces
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When will an infant double their birth weight?
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6 months
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When will a child triple their birth weight?
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1 year
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How much does height increase per month?
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1 inch per month for the first 6 months
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The germinal stage is...
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conception to 2 weeks
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The embryonic stage is...
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2-8 weeks
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The fetal stage is...
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8 weeks to birth
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The neonatoal stage is...
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Birth to 1 month (27-28 days)
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The infancy stage is...
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1 month to 12 months
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The toddler stage is
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1-3 years
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The preschool stage is...
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3-6 years
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The school age stage is...
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6-12 years
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The adolescent stage is...
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13-18 years
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The prepubital stage is..
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10-13 years
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What two stages make up infancy?
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Neonatal and infancy
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What two stages make up early childhood?
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Toddler and preschool
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What age group makes up middle childhood?
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school age
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what two age groups make up late childhood?
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prepubescent and adolescent
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What are the 5 factors that influence growth?
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Heredity
Nutrition Gender Disease Environment |
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Erikson's stage:
birht -1 year? |
Trust vs. mistrust
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Erikson's stage:
1-3 years? |
autonomy vs shame and doubt
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Erikson's stage:
3-6 years? |
initiative vs. guilt
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Erikson's stage:
6-12 years? |
industry vs inferiority
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Erikson's stage:
12-18 years |
identity vs. role confusion
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What is the BMR?
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Basal Metabolic Rate.... the rate of metabolism whne the body is at rest
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The BMR is highest in the _________ and _________ to maturity in both sexes
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newborn; decreases
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BMR is higher at all stages in which sex?
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boys
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What is the basal requirement of infants?
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108 kcal/kg
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what is the basal requirement at maturity?
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40-45 kcal/kg
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What is the water requirement throughout life?
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1.5ml/calorie of energy expended
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How much does each degree of a fever increase basal metabolism?
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10%
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Body temperature ________ over the course of development
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decreases
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at 12 years a girls temperature becomes _____, whereas a boys temperature continues to fall for a few more years
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stable
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_______ have a higher temperature than ________
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females; males
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When should a child begin to sleep through the night?
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the later part of the first year
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At what age do most children stop napping?
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3 years
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sleep declines slowly during ages _________ and then increases during ______
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4-10 years, puberty
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What is the id?
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The unconcsious mind....instant gratification and pleasure
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what is ego?
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The conscious mind...the rational factor. Blocks the irrational thoughts of the Id.
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what is superego
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conscience.
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Freud's Oral stage:
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Birth to 1 year
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Freud's anal stage:
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1-3 years
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Freud's phallic stage:
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3-6 years
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Freud's latency stage:
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6-12 years
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What is the hoped for outcome of the Trust vs. mistrust stage?
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faith and optimism
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What is the hoped for outcome of the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?
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self-control and willpower
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What is the hoped for outcome of the initiative vs. guilt stage?
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direction and purpose
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What is the hoped for outcome of the industry vs. inferiority stage?
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competance
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What is the hoped for outcome of the identity vs. role confussion stage?
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devotion and fidelity
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Children in the toddler-preschool age groups are in what kholberg level?
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preconventional level
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In the kholberg preconventional level a child recognizes good/bad by...
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consequences
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In the later stages of kholberg's preconventional level children consider the "right" decisions based on...
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those which meet their needs
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What is social-affective play?
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pleasure taken in relationships with people. Infant will begin to do things to illicit desired responses from parents
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What age group is involved with social-affective play?
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infants
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What is sense-pleasure play?
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non-social play where pleasure is achieved from the senses. ex. taste, smell, touch (texture), movement, etc.
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What is skill play?
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After an infant learns a new skill they will play by repeating that skill over and over again
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Unoccupied behjavior is....
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not playful but momentarily focussing on anything that strikes their attention. ex. daydreaming, walking aimlessly, fidgeting, etc.
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when does dramatic/pretend play begin?
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11-13 months
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What is the predominant form of play in a preschool child?
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dramatic/pretend play
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What is onlooker play?
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when a child has intense interest in observing the interactions/activities of others but makes no move to join them
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What is solitary play?
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when a child enjoys the presence of other children, but does not interact with them. They will play with their own set of toys without regard to the activities of others
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What is parallel play?
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when a child plays with the same toys as another, but without regard to, or interaction with the other child.
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When is parallel play most common?
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in toddlers
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What is associative play?
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when children play together but there is no order or mutual goal to the play.
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What is cooperative play?
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when children play with eachother with a common goal, or purpose. Organized play with known boundaries, rules, etc.
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What kind of breathing can be commonly seen in an infant?
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abdominal
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What anatomic factors in an infant make respiratory infections more likely?
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the proximity of the trachea to the bronchi and its branching networks
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What makes an infant more succeptable to a middle ear infection?
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the eustachian tube is short and straight which allows bacteria to easily travel to the ear from the pharynx
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What immunoglobulin do infants not produce that makes them more succeptable to infection?
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Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the mucousal lining
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When do maternal antibodies begin to deplete?
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at 3 months
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When do IgG and IgM begin to develop?
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at 9-12 months
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How long does fetal Hemoglobin last?
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for 5 months
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Fetal hemoglobin ________ the survival of RBC's leading to ________ _______
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decreases; physiological anemia
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what is a sinus arrhythmia?
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HR increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration
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Physiologic anemia is common at what age?
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2-3 months
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Fetal hemoglobin decreases the release of what enzyme?
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erythropoeitin
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When should iron levels be checked in an infant?
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at 9 months
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When assessing iron levels at 9 months, a level of _____ signifies anemia
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< 10
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What supplements should be given to all children starting at 2 months?
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vitamin D and iron
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When do a majority of digestive process' begin?
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at 3 months
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amylase is deficient until
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4-6 months
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An infant is very succeptible to ________ because of increased amounts of ECF.
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dehydration
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When does auditory accuity reach adult levels?
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in infancy
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Binocularity begins to develop at _______ and is fully developed by _______
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6 weeks, 4 months
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What is binocularity?
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fixation of two ocular images into one cerebral picture
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stereopsis
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depth perception
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When does depth perception develop?
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begins at 7-9 months but does not develop fully until 2-3 years
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When should the posterior fontanel close?
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6-8 weeks
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when should the anterior fontanel close?
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12-18 months
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A child should begin grasping objects at...
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2-3 months
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a child should be able to transfer an object between their hands at..
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6-7 months
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Pincer grasp should be developed by
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10 months
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a child should be able to remove an object from a container at
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11 months
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a child should be able to build a tower of 2 blocks at...
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12 months
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There should be no head lag at...
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6 months
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a child can roll over at
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5-6 months
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a child can sit alone at
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7-8 months
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A child can move from a prone to sitting position at...
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10 months
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When should an infant be able to lift head, chest, and upper abdomen when prone?
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6 months
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when should a child begin to crawl?
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6-7 months
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when should a child pull themselves up to a standing position?
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9 months
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when will a child begin to creep?
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9 months
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when should a child begin to walk with assitance?
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11 months
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When should a child begin to walk alone?
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12-18 months
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A child should be able to say 3-5 words with meaing by age...
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12 months
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When can cows milk be introduced to an infant?
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after 12 months
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Do not give fruit juices before...
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6 months
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When should flouride be given to an infant?
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after 6 months
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The most desireable diet for the first six months is...
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human milk
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If giving a child formula it should be fortified with/......
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iron
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From 6-12 months what should be the primary nutrition source for a child?
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human milk
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Iron fortified cereals should be given beginning at ______ months until ___ months
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4-18 months
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How much juice should a child take per day at age 6-12 months?
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no more than 4-6 ounces
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When can finger foods be introduced?
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6-7 months
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When should you start giving fruits and vegetables (pureed)?
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6-8 months
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Meat, fish, and poultry can be introduced to a child at what age?
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8-10 months
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Eggs and cheese can be introduced to the diet at what age?
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12 months
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How much floride should be given to children 6 months to 3 years old?
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.25 mg per day
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What are usually the first teeth to errupt?
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the lower central incisors
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when do the lower central incisors errupt?
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6-10 months
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How long can systemic analgesics be given for teething?
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no more than 3 days
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What can be given to sooth teething pains?
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frozen teething rings, ice cube wrapped in cloth, etc.
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Lateral incisors begin to show at what age?
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9-13 months
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canine teeth errupt at what age?
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16-22 months
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the first molar teeth begin to show at what age?
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13-19 months
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the second molar teeth begin to show at what age?
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23-33 months
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How long should a car seat face backwards?
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until the child is 20 lbs and 1 year old
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When does a child start to combine syllables?
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by 6-8 months
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When can a child ascribe meaning to words?
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10-11 months
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How many doses of Hep B need to be given?
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3
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When are the 3 doses of Hep B given?
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at birth
1-2 months 6-18 months |
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How many doses of Rotavirus are given?
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3
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Whn are the 3 doses of rotavirus given?
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2 months
4 months 6 months |
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How many doses of the DTap vaccine are given?
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6
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At what ages are the 6 Dtap vaccines given?
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2 months
4 months 6 months 15-18 months 4-6 years 11-12 years |
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What does the DTap vaccine protect agains?
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Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis
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How many Hib vaccines are given?
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4
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What does the Hib vaccine protect agains?
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Haemophilus influenzae type b
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When are the 4 Hib vaccines given?
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2 months
4 months 6 months 12- 18 months |
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How many PCV vaccines are given to a healthy child?
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4
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How many PCV vaccines are given to a high risk child?
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5
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When are the PCV vaccines given?
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2 months
4 months 6 months 12- 15 months Again at 2-6 yrs if high risk |
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What does the PCV vaccine protect agains?
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pneumoccocal
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How many IPV vaccines are given?
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4
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When are the IPV vaccines given?
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2 months
4 months 6-18 months 4-6 years |
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What does the IPV vaccine protect against?
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Polio
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The live flue vaccine should not be given to children younger than....
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2 years
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How young can a child safely get the flu vaccine?
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6 months
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How many doses and how far apart should a child under age 9 who has never had a flu vaccine get for the flu vaccine?
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2 doses at least 4 weeks apart
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How many doses of the MMR need to be given?
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2
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When should the 2 MMR doses be given?
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12-15 months
18 months- 6 years *must have 28 days between first and second dose |
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WHat does the MMR vaccine protect against?
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Measles, mumps, and rubella
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How many varicella vaccine doses does a child need to get?
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2
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When should a child get the varicella doses?
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12-15 months
18months - 6 years *3 months between doses |
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Hep A vaccine requires how many doses?
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2 doses between 12-24 months. Must be at least 6 months apart
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The MCV vaccine should be given to high risk children at what age?
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2-6 years
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What does the MCV vaccine help prevent?
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Meningococcal
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What is the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus?
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Kwashiorkor is protein defficiency with adequate caloric intake while marasmus is protein and calory defficiency.
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What are the 6 most common food allergens?
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peanuts
eggs shellfish wheat soy nuts |
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A milk allergy is a...
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IgE mediated immune response
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What kind of formula should be given to a child with milk allergy?
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casein hydrolysate milk formula, or extensively hydrolyzed formula (Pregestimil, Nutramigen, or Alimentum)
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What are the s/s of milk allergy?
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GI- n/v, diarhea, colic
Resp- cold like symptoms other- eczema, pallor, excessive crying |
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Lactose intolerance results from a deficiency of...
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lactase
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s/s of lactose intolerance include...
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abd pain, diarrhea, flatulence after injestion of lactose
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Organic Failure to Thrive
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results from a physical cause (ex. CF, AIDS, congenital heart defects)
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Non-Organic failure to thrive
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has a definable cause unrelated to disease (ex. parent ignorance, maternal-child attachment issues)
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Idiopathic failure to thrive
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unidentifiable cause. Not because of a disease, but no apparent environmental cause
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What are some s/s of colic?
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abd. pain manifested by child bringing legs up to abdomen, crying more than 3 hours per day for 3 days a week
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What is the development stage (erikson) of a toddler?
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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A child should be able to walk up and down stairs by age...
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2 years
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a child should be able to jump with both feet, stand on one foot, and walk a few steps on toes by what age?
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2.5 years
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A child should be able to build towers with toys by what age?
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2 years
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How many words should a child know at 2 years old?
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300
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at what age does a child puts words together into simple sentences, begins to master grammatical rules (syntax development), and acquires five or six new words daily?
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3 years
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When should a child be able to name a color?
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30 months
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When is Voluntary control of the anal and urethral sphincters achieved?
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18-24 months
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What 5 "readiness" factors signify readiness for toileting?
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Bowel
Bladder Cognitive motor psychologic |
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When is readiness for toilet training complete?
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22-30 months
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How much sooner are girls able to begin toilet training than boys on average?
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2 - 2.5 months
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What 3 things are a sign that a child is ready to start toilet training?
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stays dry for 2 hours
less wet diapers wakes up dry from nap |
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What is the protein requirement for toddlers?
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1.2g/kg
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What is the calory need for toddlers?
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102 kcal/kg
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When does physiologic anorexia manifest?
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around 18 months
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When can a child start eating many of the same foods as the family?
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12 months
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When do most toddlers start using a spoon effectively?
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18 months
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what proportion of an adult serving should be given to a toddler?
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1/3 to 1/4
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how many tablespoons per year of age should be given to a toddler at mealtime?
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1
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How many servings of milk should a toddler have per day?
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2-3
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how many ounces of milk should a toddler get per day?
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24-30
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When should no-fat/low fat milk be given to a child?
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after 2 years of age
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After age 2 what should daily cholesterol be?
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less than 300 mg
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After age 2 what percent of calories should come from fat?
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less than 30%
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After age 2 what percent of calories should come from saturated fatty acids?
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less than 10%
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What types of fatty acids should be avoided in a toddler?
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saturated and trans
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What is the adequate intake of calcium for a child age 1-3 years?
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500 mg
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How much Vit D is recommended for children and adolescents?
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200 mg/day
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How much fruit should a toddler have each day?
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1 cup
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How much juice should a toddler have each day?
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4-6 ounces
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Walking, running, climbing, and jumping are well established by age....
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36 months/ 3 years
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At what age can a preschooler rides a tricycle, walks on tiptoe, balances on one foot for a few seconds, and broad jump?
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3 years
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By what age should a child skip and hop proficiently on one foot, and catch a ball reliably?
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4 years
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At what age does a child the child skip on alternate feet, jump rope, and begin to skate and swim?
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5 years
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When can a child copy a circle and draw a cross?
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3 years
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A child can build a 9-10 cube tower at age...
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3 years
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A child can place small beads in a narrow container at what age?
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3 years
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When can a child cut out an outline using scissors?
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4 years
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When can a child lace shoes?
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4 years
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When can a child draw a square, trace a diamond and cross, and add three parts to a stick figure?
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4 years
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When should a child tie shoelaces?
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5 years
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When should a child begin printing letters, numbers, and their name?
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5 years
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how many parts does a 5 year old put on a stick figure?
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7-9
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What age can a child begin copying a diamond and a triangle?
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5 years
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what type of play do preschoolers especially enjoy?
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associative play
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what is associative play?
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group play in similar or identical activities but without rigid organization or rules.
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What is the the most characteristic and pervasive preschool activity?
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imitative, imaginative, and dramatic play
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When do imaginary friends appear?
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2.5 - 3 years
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When do children usually stop playing with an imaginary friend?
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when they enter school
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What is animism?
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ascribing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects
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When is the most critical period for speech development?
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2-4 years
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What is the cause of stuttering or stammering?
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failure to master sensorimotor integration....child can't say what they are thinking
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when is stuttering normal?
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between 2-5 years, usually in boys
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What is dyslalia?
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problems with articulation
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when might dyslalia occur?
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when a child is pressured into making sounds that are before their developmental stage
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How many hours per night does the average preschooler sleep?
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12 hours
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A scary dream; takes place during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and is followed by full waking
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nightmare
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A partial arousal from very deep (state IV, non-REM) sleep
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sleep terror
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After the dream is over, child wakes and cries or calls, not during the nightmare itself
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nightmare
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During the terror itself, child screams and thrashes; afterward is calm
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sleep terror
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Crying in younger children, fright in all; these behaviors persist even though the child is awake
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Nightmare
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Initially child may sit up, thrash, or run in a bizarre manner, with eyes bulging, heart racing, and profuse perspiring; may cry, scream, talk, or moan; there is apparent fright, anger, or obvious confusion, which disappears when child is fully awake
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sleep terror
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Is aware of and reassured by another's presence
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nightmare
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Is not very aware of another's presence, is not comforted, and may push person away and scream and thrash more if held or restrained
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sleep terror
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Return to sleep May be considerably delayed because of persistent fear
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nightmare
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Return to sleep Usually rapid; often difficult to keep child awake
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sleep terror
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What precautions should be in place for a child with Varicella?
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standard, airborn, and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
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How long should a child with varicella be kept home and isolated?
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until all lesions have dried (usually 1 week)
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when can a child hospitalized with varicella be taken off precautions if they have a minor outbreak?
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when no new lesions are noted
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when can a child hospitalized with varicella be taken off precautions when they have a major outbreak?
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after all lesions are crusted over
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how many stages of rash are seen in fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)?
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3
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What characterizes the first stage of rash in fifth disease?
|
slapped face appearance
disappears in 1-4 days |
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What characterizes the second stage of rash in fifth disease?
|
maculopapular red spots symmetrically on upper and lower extremities. develops proximal to distal
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How long does the first stage of fifth disease last?
|
1-4 days
|
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how long does the second stage of fifth disease last?
|
1 week
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how long after the disappearance of the first stage rash in fifth disease does the second stage rash begin?
|
1 day
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what characterizes the third stage rash of fifth disease
|
the rash disappears but will return if the skin is irriatated
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what 3 medication classes are given to children with fifth disease?
|
antipyretics
antiinflammatories analgesics |
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|
what complication of fifth disease may require a blood transfussion?
|
transient aplastic anemia
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|
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what is the first sign of Roseola?
|
a persistent high fever
|
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how long does the fever in roseola last?
|
3-4 days
|
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when does the fever in roseola subside?
|
when the rash appears
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what is the progression of the rash in roseola?
|
trunk, then face, then extremities
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what does the roseola rash look like?
|
discrete maculopapules or rose-colored macules
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What medication is given for roseola?
|
antipyretics
|
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|
Another name for measles?
|
Rubeola
|
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What is the prodromal (catarrhal) stage of measles?
|
fever, malaise, koplik spots 24 hours after fever, gradually worsening symptoms until 2 days after rash appears
|
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Where does the rash of measles begin?
|
on face and then moves downward
|
|
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When does the rash of measles begin?
|
3-4 days after the prodromal phase begins
|
|
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In measles, where are the discrete maculopapules found?
|
on later sites of the rash
|
|
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In measles, where are the errhythromatous maculopapules found?
|
in the early sites of the rash
|
|
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During the fever of measles, what should be done for treatement?
|
bed rest and antipyretics
|
|
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For high risk children, what should be given in addition to antipyretics with measles?
|
antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infection
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|
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What are the symptoms of the prodromal stage of mumps?
|
fever, headache, mailaise, anorexia for 24 hours; then earache aggravated by chewing
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|
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What medications are given to a child with measles?
|
analgesics and antipyretics
|
|
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what may cause a child with measles to refuse to drink, or vomit?
|
meningoencephalitis
|
|
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what cough is characteristic of pertussis?
|
short rapid coughs or hacking followed by crowing or "whoop" sound with rapid inspiration
|
|
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what is the second stage of scarlet fever?
|
enanthema- toungue, tonsils, pharynx swollen and covered with legions
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|
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what is the thrid stage of scarlet fever?
|
exanthema- rash on body with large red punctuage lesions
|
|
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What is the first stage of scarlet fever
|
high fever associated with flu like symptoms. Increased HR
|
|
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What medication is given for children with scarlet fever?
|
antibiotics- PCN or erythromycin
|
|
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what is the greatest complication of Rubella?
|
teratogenic effect on fetus
|
|
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what kind of vomiting will be seen with ingestion of corrosives?
|
hemoptysis
|
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What are some s/s of corrosive poisoning
|
severe burning in mouth/throat
drooling shock anxiety |
|
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What are the 4 respiratory symptoms of hydrocarbon poisoning?
|
tachypnea
retractions cyanosis grunting |
|
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What neuro symptom is associated with hydrocarbon poisoning?
|
lethargy
|
|
|
what cough is characteristic of pertussis?
|
short rapid coughs or hacking followed by crowing or "whoop" sound with rapid inspiration
|
|
|
what is the second stage of scarlet fever?
|
enanthema- toungue, tonsils, pharynx swollen and covered with legions
|
|
|
what is the thrid stage of scarlet fever?
|
exanthema- rash on body with large red punctuage lesions
|
|
|
What is the first stage of scarlet fever
|
high fever associated with flu like symptoms. Increased HR
|
|
|
what cough is characteristic of pertussis?
|
short rapid coughs or hacking followed by crowing or "whoop" sound with rapid inspiration
|
|
|
What medication is given for children with scarlet fever?
|
antibiotics- PCN or erythromycin
|
|
|
what is the greatest complication of Rubella?
|
teratogenic effect on fetus
|
|
|
what is the second stage of scarlet fever?
|
enanthema- toungue, tonsils, pharynx swollen and covered with legions
|
|
|
What is the prodromal (catarrhal) stage of measles?
|
fever, malaise, koplik spots 24 hours after fever, gradually worsening symptoms until 2 days after rash appears
|
|
|
what kind of vomiting will be seen with ingestion of corrosives?
|
hemoptysis
|
|
|
what is the thrid stage of scarlet fever?
|
exanthema- rash on body with large red punctuage lesions
|
|
|
Where does the rash of measles begin?
|
on face and then moves downward
|
|
|
What are some s/s of corrosive poisoning
|
severe burning in mouth/throat
drooling shock anxiety |
|
|
When does the rash of measles begin?
|
3-4 days after the prodromal phase begins
|
|
|
What are the 4 respiratory symptoms of hydrocarbon poisoning?
|
tachypnea
retractions cyanosis grunting |
|
|
What is the first stage of scarlet fever
|
high fever associated with flu like symptoms. Increased HR
|
|
|
In measles, where are the discrete maculopapules found?
|
on later sites of the rash
|
|
|
What neuro symptom is associated with hydrocarbon poisoning?
|
lethargy
|
|
|
What medication is given for children with scarlet fever?
|
antibiotics- PCN or erythromycin
|
|
|
In measles, where are the errhythromatous maculopapules found?
|
in the early sites of the rash
|
|
|
what is the greatest complication of Rubella?
|
teratogenic effect on fetus
|
|
|
During the fever of measles, what should be done for treatement?
|
bed rest and antipyretics
|
|
|
what kind of vomiting will be seen with ingestion of corrosives?
|
hemoptysis
|
|
|
For high risk children, what should be given in addition to antipyretics with measles?
|
antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infection
|
|
|
What are some s/s of corrosive poisoning
|
severe burning in mouth/throat
drooling shock anxiety |
|
|
What are the 4 respiratory symptoms of hydrocarbon poisoning?
|
tachypnea
retractions cyanosis grunting |
|
|
What are the symptoms of the prodromal stage of mumps?
|
fever, headache, mailaise, anorexia for 24 hours; then earache aggravated by chewing
|
|
|
What neuro symptom is associated with hydrocarbon poisoning?
|
lethargy
|
|
|
What medications are given to a child with measles?
|
analgesics and antipyretics
|
|
|
what may cause a child with measles to refuse to drink, or vomit?
|
meningoencephalitis
|
|
|
what affect does aspirin overdose have on the urinary system?
|
oliguria
|
|
|
what GI affects does aspirin overdose have?
|
N/V
|
|
|
What systemic/respiratory effects does aspirin overdose have?
|
hyperprexia, hyperpnea, diaphoresis, dehydration
|
|
|
what neuro affects does aspirin overdose have?
|
Disorientation
Convulsions Tinnitus Coma |
|
|
What are two common symptoms of giardiasis?
|
Abdominal cramps and diarrhea
|
|
|
How is Giardiasis diagnosed?
|
by microscopic examination of stool, or enzyme immunoassay studies
|
|
|
What 3 drugs are used for treating giardiasis?
|
metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tindamax), and nitazoxanide (Alinia).
|
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|
What is the primary sypmtom of pinworms?
|
intense itching
|
|
|
What test is used to diagnose pinworms?
|
the tape test
|
|
|
What is the drug of choice for pinworms?
|
mebandazole (Vermox)
|
|
|
when should antiparasitic drugs be regiven?
|
a second course of treatment should be given 2 weeks after the first treatment
|
|
|
What parental characteristics predispose child abuse?
|
young parent
single parent social isolation/poor support low self esteem poor parenting skills |
|
|
What age group is most at risk for abuse?
|
birth to 3 year olds
|
|
|
what controls puberty?
|
the anterior pituitary (adenohypophesis)
|
|
|
telarche
|
appearance of brest buds
|
|
|
when does telarche occur in girls?
|
9 to 13.5 years
|
|
|
adrenarche
|
growth of pubic hair
|
|
|
when does adrenarche occur in girls?
|
2-6 months after telarche
|
|
|
when can menarche be expected?
|
2 years after telarche
|
|
|
menarche
|
first menstraul period
|
|
|
what is the age range for menarche?
|
10.5 to 15 years old
|
|
|
what is the average age for menarche?
|
12 years 9.5 months
|
|
|
how long after menarche will ovulation and regular periods occur?
|
6-14 months
|
|
|
When is a girl considered to have a pubertal delay?
|
if breast development has not occurred by age 13 or if menarche has not occurred within 4 years of the onset of breast development.
|
|
|
what are the first pubescent changes in boys?
|
testicular enlargement and loosening/reddening of the scrotum
|
|
|
when does testicular enlargement occur?
|
9.5 to 14 years
|
|
|
When is a boy considered to be in pubertal delay?
|
no enlargement of the testes or scrotal changes by 13½ to 14 years of age, or if genital growth is not complete 4 years after the testicles begin to enlarge.
|
|
|
What are primary sex characteristics?
|
external and internal organs that carry out the reproductive functions (e.g., ovaries, uterus, breasts, penis)
|
|
|
What are the secondary sex characteristics?
|
changes that occur throughout the body as a result of hormonal changes (e.g., voice alterations, development of facial and pubertal hair, fat deposits), but that play no direct part in reproduction.
|
|
|
When should a follow up Tdap be given in adolescence?
|
11-18 years
|
|
|
When should the meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) be given in adolescence?
|
11-12 years, or
15 years if child recieved MCV4 in early childhood and at least 3 years have passed |
|
|
When are the second and third doses of the HPV vaccine given?
|
2 months and 6 months after the first dose
|
|
|
When should the gardasil vaccine be started?
|
at 9 years
|
|
|
How can the varacella vaccine be given to a child over age 13?
|
two doses 4 weeks apart
|
|
|
How much activity is recommended for school aged/adolescents?
|
60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily
|
|
|
where is estrogen secreted?
|
the ovaries
|
|
|
where is testosterone secreted?
|
the testes
|
|
|
How long after menarche does estrogen production continue to increase?
|
for 3 years
|
|
|
Testosterone increases in low amounts until what age in both sexes?
|
7-9 years
|
|
|
after 7-9 years of age there is a rapid increase in testosterone in both sexes until what age?
|
15 years
|
|
|
Turner syndrome
|
absense of one x chromosome
|
|
|
Turner syndrome: male or female?
|
female
|
|
|
What are some of the physical manifestations of turner syndrome?
|
webbed neck, short stature, sterile, no secondary sex structures
|
|
|
Klinefelter syndrome
|
one or more additional x chfomosomes (ex. XXY)
|
|
|
Klinefelter Syndrome: male or female?
|
male
|
|
|
What is the most common sex chromosome abnormalities?
|
Klinefelter Syndrome
|
|
|
what are some manifestations of Klinefelter Syndrome?
|
sterile
small testes (tanner stages) |
|
|
What is used to treat Klinefelter Syndrome?
|
testosterone to enhance masculine characteristics
|
|
|
What treatments are available for turner syndrome?
|
Growth hormone and estrogen therapy
|
|
|
What is primary dysmenorrhea?
|
painful menses not related to any pelvic disease.
|
|
|
What is secondary dysmenorrhea?
|
painful menses with a pathologic condition such as endometriosis, salpingitis, or congenital anomalies of the müllerian system.
|
|
|
What are signs of altered metabolic activity related to anorexia?
|
Amenorrhea
Bradycardia Hypothermia Dry skin Lanugo |
|
|
what stimulants are used to treat ADHD?
|
amphetamine and dextroamphetamine (adderall)
and Methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
|
|
What are common side effects of stimulants given to treat ADHD?
|
insomnia
anorexia/weight loss hypertension growth suppression |
|
|
What drug can be given for enuresis?
|
DDAVP
|
|
|
What non-pharmelogic interventions can be used for enuresis?
|
Bladder training
night time fluid restriction interrupting sleep to void condition reflex response |
|
|
What enema is suggested for treatement of encopresis?
|
mekl and molasses enema given 3 days in a row and hten miralax for long period of time
|
|
|
what enema should be avoided for treatement of encorpresis?
|
saline
|
|
|
What is primary amenorrhea?
|
no secondary sex characteristics or menarche by age 15
OR secondary sex characteristics present but no menarche by 16.5 years |
|
|
What is secondary amenorrhea?
|
absense of menses for 6 months, or for 3 cycles after it had been regular
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of amenorrhea (primary or secondary)
|
pregnancy
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of death in adolescents?
|
MVA
|
|
|
what is the 3rd leading cause of death in teens?
|
suicide
|
