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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neural tube defects
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spina bifida
tethered cord meningocele myelomeningocele |
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spina bifida occulta
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no protrussionof neural tissue
asymptomatic overlying patch of hair, lipoma, dermal sinus |
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meningocele
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meninges herniate through defect in posterior vertebral arches
fluctuant midline mass covered with skin transilluminates MRI and then CT of head for hydrocephalus surgical correction |
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myelomeningocele
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sacral lesions --> bowel/bladder incontinence, perineal anesthesia, no motor impairment
lumbar lesions --> flaccid paralysis, thermoalgesic loss, urinary dribbling 80% associated with hydrocephalus; type I Chiari do MRI and CT of head for hydrocephalus surgical correction |
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Chiari malformation
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type I --> cerebral tonsils into cervical canal, no hydrocephalus, headache and neck pain, urinary frequency
type II --> progressive hydrocephalus + myelomeningocele |
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Dandy-Walker
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cystic expansion of fourth ventricle
agenesis of posterior cerebellar vermis increased head size, prominent occiput, cerebellar ataxia |
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hydrocephalus
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increased head circumference
bulging anterior fontanel headache papilledema sixth nerve palsy |
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febrile seizures
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when temperature increases rapidly >39 celsius
generalized tonic-clonic, ~10-15 minutes with brief postictal period work-up --> determine cause of fever and rule out meningitis no routine labs, no EEG, no neuroimaging treatment --> control fevers |
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simple partial seizures
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asynchronous tonic or clonic movements for 10-20 seconds; no postictal period
EEG --> spike and sharp waves or multifocal spikes treatment --> carbamazepine, phenytoin; levetiracetam |
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partial complex seizures
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tonic or clonic movements with impaired consciousness
automatisms --> lip-smacking, chewing, swallowing interictal EEG --> anterior temporal lobe --> sharp waves, focal spikes MRI --> abnormalities in temporal lobe treatment --> carbamazapine |
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absence seizures
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generalized; cessation of movement, speech and blank stare; no postictal period
EEG --> 3Hz spikes + generalized wave discharge treatment --> ethosuximide, valproic acid |
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tonic clonic seizures
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generalized; loss of consciousness, tongue bitting, relaxation of sphincters
postictal --> semicoma, disoriented, vomiting, headache treatment --> valproic acid, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine |
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neurofibromatosis 1
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von Recklinghousen; chromosome 17
café-au-lait spots iris Lisch nodules neurofibromas axillary/inguinal freckles optic glioma |
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neurofibromatosis 1 complications
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gliomas
astrocytomas neurofibrosarcoma stroke seizures cognitive defects |
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neurofibromatosis 2
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chromosome 22
bilateral acoustic neuromas hearing loss headache associated neurofibroma, glioma, meningioma |
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tuberous sclerosis
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CNS tubers in cerebral convolutions seen on CT
calcifications --> ventricular cavities --> hydrocephalus infantile spasms skin lesions retinal lesions heart rhabdomyoma kidney hamartoma or polycystic kidneys treat seizures |
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Sturge-Weber presentation
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facial nevus
seizures contralateral hemiparesis intracranial calcifications mental retardation ipsilateral glaucoma |
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Sturge-Weber diagnosis
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skull x-ray --> occipital-parietal calcifications
CT --> unilateral cortical atrophy and hydrocephalus ex-vacuo increased intraocular pressure |
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Friedrich ataxia
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autosomal recessive
ataxia before 10 years no DTRs babinski loss of posterior columns dysarthria hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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Marie-Charcot-Tooth presentation
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disease of peroneal and tibial nerves with peroneal muscle atrophy
clumsyness falls foot drop atrophy of muscles of anterior leg compartment claw hand slowly progressive |
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Marie-Charcot-Tooth diagnosis
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decreased nerve conduction velocities
normal CPK sural nerve biopsy is cofirmation |
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Marie-Charcot-Tooth treatment
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stabilize ankles
surgical correction |
