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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is gestation?
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time between last menstrual cycle and birth
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How long is a typical gestation?
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40 weeks
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Premature infants are born before how many weeks?
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37 weeks
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If a child is born at 38 weeks, is he full term or premature?
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full term
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What categories is low birth weight divided into? include weight w/ each.
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LBW (low blood weight) <5 1/2 lbs
VLBW (very low) < 3 1/3 lbs ELBW (extremely low) < 2 1/4 lbs Micropremie < 1 3/4 lbs |
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what does SGA stand for? and how is it determined?
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small for gestational age, determined by average weight of babies at particular gestational age
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Infants below what percentile of average weight for their gestational age are considered SGA?
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10%
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If a baby has a low birth weight, can we go ahead and say he's SGA?
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no lbw babies may or may not be SGA
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if a baby is SGA can we go ahead and say he has low birth weight (LBW)?
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yes
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see pg.88 regarding dubowitz neonatal exam
it says so in the notes. but its up to you. |
textbook: children w/ disabilities
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Describe the skin, eyes, muscle tone, sleeping patterns, gravity effect of a preterm infant at 24 weeks.
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fused eyes, Gelatinous skin
no muscle tone/movements bound by gravity generally sleeping |
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Describe the hair of a preterm infant at 28 weeks
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Lanugo (fine body hair)
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Describe muscle tone, flexion of a 32 week preterm infant. What reflex might be beginning? is he always sleeping (like a 24 week old preterm infant)?
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begin to see muscle tone in Lower Extremity, some flexion, none in upper extremity, may be awake sometimes, reflexive sucking begins
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At what gestational age for preterm infant will upper extremity muscle tone be developed?
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34 weeks
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Describe movements/ muscle tone of a 34 week old preterm infant. Describe sucking. what is the greatest difficulty for a 34 week old? baby may have A and B's <= what are they
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-upper extremity muscle tone developed, move all extermities with gross uncoordinated movement
-sucking more coordinated - a=apnea, b=bradycardia |
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Describe a 36 week old preterm infant
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- beginning to see sleep/wake cycles
- easily over stimulated - may block out by averting eye gaze, turning head, or shutting down - VERY RESPONSE to stimuli - imagine NICU lights stimulation - turn head in supported sitting |
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what are some causes of prematurity?
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-infections
-adolescent mothers -premature preg. history -substance abuse/smoking -others |
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What are some common respiratory problems in premature infants?
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- surfactant not manufactured in lungs yet
-alveoli is sticky - first breath results in collapsed lung - weak diaphragm -HMD (hyaline membrane disease) -BPFD (bronchopulmonary displasia |
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what should be done regarding the surfactant problem with premature infants?
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- give surfactant at birth or steroids 24-36 hrs before birth
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What should be done regarding a weak diaphragm in premature infants?
negatives of this method? |
- mechanical ventilation w/ oxygen
- may be too strong and damage lungs further - oxygen fluctuation = problems throughout body |
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What is hyaline membrane disease (HMD)? what syndrome does it include?
Procedure for premature infant after birth? |
- group of disorders resulting from decreased surfactant
- includes respiratory distress syndrome (RSD) - should be placed on ventilators and eventually CPAP continuous positive airway pressure |
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What is Bronchopulmonary displasia (BPD)?
this occurs as a result of? |
- infants who require supplemental oxygen for more than 28 days post natal age
- due to barotrauma of lungs, + oxygen toxicity infection |
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If an infant is born and placed on supplemental oxygen for 23 days, does he have bronchopulmonary displasia?
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nope
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what is intraventricular hemmorhage (IVH)?
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bleeding into the ventricle
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What are the 4 grades of intraventricular hemmorhage (ivh)? describe
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grade 1- germinal matrix in roof of lateral ventricle
grade 2- beyond germinal matrix into ventrical grade 3- dialates ventricles grade 4- damages the white matter around ventricle (periventricular leukomalacia) |
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grade 4 of interventricular hemmorhage can lead to what other disorder?
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periventricular leukomalacia
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Describe periventricular leukomalacia.
What causes it? results in? |
- damage to white matter around ventricle
- white matter turns into cysts - may be due to IVH or due to a decrease in oxygen (a decreased in Oxygen is due to decreased blood pressure) - results in spastic diplegia(lower extremity) (most common) or spastic quadriplgia |
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A common problem among premature infants is hearing, apnea, bradycardia (aka A's and B's) and SIDS.
what is apnea? bradycardia? cause of hearing problems? SIDS probably due to what? |
apnea = pause in breathing
bradycardia = decreased heart rate hearing problems may be side effect of meds SIDS, more common, prob due to apnea |
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what visual disorder is common among premature infants?
what birth weight is at greatest risk? Due to? results in? treatments? |
ROP- retinopathy of prematurity
- ELBW at greatest risk - due to oxygen fluctuation + immature retinal vascular development - results in retinal detachment - treatment: vitamin E for prevention, laser surgery to prevent detachment |
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Describe Patent Ductus Arteriosis.
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- fetal circulation has open ductus arteriosis, closes shortly after birth, if it remains open, blood = not well oxygenated
- treat w/ meds/surgery |
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what are 2 GI problems for preterm infants? Describe them
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1) GER gastroesophageal reflxux
- gastric sphincter weak - gastric emptying slow - contents regurgitated to esophagus 2) NEC nectrotizing enterocolitis - severe injury to bowel wall - cause unknown - managed by witholding food, use IV feeds, surgery (50% of the time) to removel damaged bowel |
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Just know a full term baby
- cries loudly - flexed legs + arms - pink - tiny breaths - upset but calms down |
=
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just know
survival of LBW infant on rise. complications decreasing. |
=
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what treatment halts the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
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cast or brace only
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what is Transient hip synovitis? how long does it last?
common in what age? what diagnoses test available? |
- self limiting inflammatory condition
- last 10 days - few weeks - common in 3-8 yr old - unilateral positiive in thomas test |
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what is the single most common reason for referral to pediatric orthodontists?
Will a brace help? |
- rotational problems
- medial femoral, tibial torsion - metatarsus adductus, flexible no a brace will not be effective (yes. i know. i'm not sure what those terms mean either.) |
