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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"boot-shaped" heart on CXR
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tetraology of fallot
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most common cyanotic heart disease of infancy
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transposition of great vessels
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most common cyanotic heart disease of childhood
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tetralogy of fallot
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treatment for both transposition of great vessels and tetralogy of fallot
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PGE1 to maintain PDA
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what genetic disease is meconium ileus associated with?
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cystic fibrosis
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most common chromosomal disease
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Downs syndrome
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Downs syndrome has an increased risk of which lymphoma
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ALL
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"rocker-bottom" feet
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Edwards syndrome, trisomy 18
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most common cause of primary amenorrhea
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Turners syndrome
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2nd most common cause of genetic mental retardation
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Fragile X syndrome
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how does Fragile X cause problems?
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affects methylation of FMR-1 gene
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enzyme deficiency with Gauchers
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beta-glucocerebrosidase
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enzyme deficiency with Niemann-Pick
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sphingomyelinase
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enzyme deficiency with Tay-Sachs
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hexosaminodase
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most common cause of bowel obstruction in the first two years of life
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intussusception
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sausage-shaped RUQ mass
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intussusception
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diagnosis and treatment for intussusception
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air-contrast barium enema is both diagnostic and therapeutic
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non-bilious, projectile emesis
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pyloric stensosi
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olive-shaped, mobile, non-tender epigastric mass
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pyloric stenosis
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most common congenital immunodeficiency disorder
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B-cell deficiency
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B-cell deficiency results in what types of bug infections?
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recurrent encapsulated organism infections
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non-cyanotic congenital heart conditions consist of what and result in what type of shunt?
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L-to-R shunt; look for the 3Ds: VSD, ASD, PDA
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right-to-left shunts are cyanotic or non-cyanotic?
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cyanotic
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most common congenital heart defect
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VSD
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fixed, split S2
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ASD
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cause by maternal 1st trimester Rubella infection
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PDA
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wide pulse pressure, continuous "machinery-like" murmur, loud S2, bounding peripheral pulses
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PDA
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which congenital cardiac condition leads to secondary hypertension?
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coarctation
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"3" sign and rib-notching on CXR
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coarctation
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congenital cardiac conditions that cause right-to-left shunts
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look for the 5T's
Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of Great Vessels Truncus Arteriosus Tricuspid atresia Total anomalous pulmonary venous return |
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egg-shaped silhouette on CXR
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transposition of great vessels
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name the four components to the Tetralogy of Fallot
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pulmonary stenosis
RVH overriding aorta VSD |
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10-17 year old male with pain at the tibial tuberosity
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Osgood-Schlatter disease
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most common genetic error with cystic fibrosis
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most commonly a DELETION in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7
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regression of developmental milestones + protruding belly + "cherry-red spot" on macula = ??
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Niemann-Pick
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child + fever + sore throat + dysphagia + drooling = ??
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epiglottitis
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most important factor in determing severity of symptoms
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pulmonic stenosis
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knee-to-chest position does what to help improve tet spells?
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increases systemic vascular resistance
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child with paroxysmal coughing with subcutaneous emphysema, what must you rule out and how?
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CXR to rule out pneumothorax
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most common bug that exacerbates cystic fibrosis and treatment
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pseudomonas; treat with IV penicillin/cephalosporin + aminoglycoside
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Turners syndrome puts them at risk for what bone disease and why?
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osteoporosis, due to low estrogen states
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measles is cauesed by what virus
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rubeola
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Chronic Granulomatous disease (CGD) puts you at risk for what types of bugs and why?
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defect of phagocytic cells leading to recurrent infections with catalase-(+) organisms
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how do you diagnose Chronic Granulomatous disease (CGD)?
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diagnose via Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) slide test
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most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism
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thyroid dysgensis
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webbed neck + high palate + short 4th metacarpal + nail dysplasia = ??
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Turners syndrome
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most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage in children
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AVM
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most common cardiac defect with Downs syndrome
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endocardial cushion defect of the AV canal
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congenital unilateral cavernous hemangioma along trigeminal nerve distrubition
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Sturge-Weber syndrome
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when does physiological jaundice present?
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after 24 hours
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treatment for transient synovitis
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bed rest with hip in comfortable position for 7 days
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what is the pertussis prophylaxis and who should get it?
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14 days of erythromycin; given to close contacts regardless of immunization status
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young child + recurrent URI's + bilateral nasal polyps = ??
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must rule out cystic fibrosis
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precocious puberty + cafe-au-lait spots + multiple bone defects = ??
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McCune-Albright syndrome
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new born with evanescent rash with red halos and eosinophils in the skin lesions = ??
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erythema toxicum; no treatment necessary, self-limited
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+ Coombs test indicates what?
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likely autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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+ osmotic fragility test indicates what?
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hereditary spherocystosis
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mousy-odor urine = ??
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PKU
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child with hoarseness + barking cough + respiratory distress = what disorder and which virus?
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croup, caused by parainfluenza virus
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scalp swelling limited to one cranial bone a few hours after birth = ?? treatment??
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cephalohematoma; self-limited
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most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
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rotavirus
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where are most medulloblastomas located?
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most develop in the cerebellar vermis
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unbalanced gait + trunk dystaxia + horizontal nystagmus + papilledema = what brain tumor and where?
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likely medulloblastoma in the vermis causing posterior vermis syndrome
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congenital adrenal hyperplasia results from what hormone elevation?
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elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone
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unilateral flank mass in child 3 years of age... which tumor is most likely?
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likely Wilms tumor from the metanephros
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treatment protocol for epistaxis
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direct pressure --> topical vasoconstriction --> anterior nasal packing --> ENT consult for posterior packing
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when does jaundice secondary to breast feeding usually occur?
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>48 hours after birth
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when does physiological jaundice usually present and what is the maximum level the total bilirubin should reach?
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presents at 24-48 hours, total bili no higher than 12 mg/dL
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what does jaundice at <24 hours indicate and what is the most common cause?
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always pathologic that early, often ABO incompatibility
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what hormone will be elevated with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and why?
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renin; 21-hydroxylase deficiency leads to salt-wasting, water loss and thus hypotension which will activate the RAAS
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when does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend you begin toilet training?
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18-24 months
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how does infantile botulism present and what is the treatment?
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flaccid paralysis; provide respiratory support and ET
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most common symptom of mumps? secondary symptom of mumps in boys?
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parotitis is most common; occasional orchitis in boys
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most common cause of epistaxis in children
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nose-picking trauma to Kiesselbach's plexus
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microcephaly + short palpebral fissures + long nasal philtrum + micrognathia + upper facial hypoplasia = ??
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FAS
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what is Erb-Duchenne palsy?
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it is an injury to the brachial plexus, specifically C5/C6 nerve roots resulting in loss of biceps reflex and an upper extremity that is adducted and internally rotated
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treatment for foreign body aspiration
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rigid bronchoscopy
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what are the current child safety seat recommendations?
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<20 lbs + <1yoa = rear seat, car seat facing backward
20-40 lbs + >1yoa = car seat in rear facing forward >40 lbs = booster seat with shoulder/lap belt height >4'9" = seatbelt without assistance, back seat is safest |
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how do you diagnose pyloric stensois?
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via abdominal ultrasound
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treatment for pyloric stenosis
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pyloromyotomy; longitudinal incision into hypertrophied muscle
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what drugs are associated with pyloric stenosis?
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macrolide antibiotics, especially erythromycin
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when should you give someone both teh tetanus toxoid booster and immunoglobulins?
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if the wound is tetanus-prone, >6 hours old and >5yrs since last booster
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what is the order of puberty in males?
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adrenarche --> testicular enlargement --> peak height velocity --> pubic hair
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most common complication of measles
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diarrhea
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most common side-effects of methylphenidate therapy
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decreased appetite and tics
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low-grade fever and post-auricular lymphadenopathy followed by a maculopapular rash that starts on face without history of immunizations
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rubella
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first line therapy for cerumen impaction
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warm-water lavage
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if you suspect injuries consistent with child abuse, what test should you order?
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bone scan
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symptoms of meningitis + petechial rash = which bug?
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neisseria meningitis
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treatment for otitis externa with tympanic membrane perforation
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ofloxacin otic
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what is adrenarche? when does it occur?
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maturation of the human adrenal glands; occurs at 6-10 years of age
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what is thelarche? what does it indicate?
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first stage of breast developement in females; occurs at beginning of puberty
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what vitamin is higher in human milk than cows milk?
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vitamin C
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what type of shunt causes cyanosis?
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R to L
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what type of shunt leads to cor pulmonale?
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L to R
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continuous machinery like murmur
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PDA
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what is Henoch-Schoenlein purpura?
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vasculitis leading to arthritis with abdominal pain, hematura and purpura on butt and legs
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what are the stages in order of female puberty?
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thelarche --> peak height velocity --> pubic hair --> menarche
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when should antenatal steroids be given and why/
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give to high-risk pregnancies between 24-34 weeks
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what should your next step be if you suspect meningitis?
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perform LP then give empiric antibiotics
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what causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
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hyaline membranes form around alveolar sacs secondary to leakage of protein and cellular debris
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name the age for the milestone: pincer grasp
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10 months
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name the age for the milestone: recite name/address/phone number
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age 5
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what is the fist line treatment for a newborn at 1 minute with continued apnea, pulse <100 and cyanosis?
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start positive-pressure ventilation
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how does Shigellosis present?
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seizures, high-fever, and blood/mucus diarrhea
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what is the first line therapy for otitis media? second line?
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amoxicillin, second line is augmentin
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most common presenting sign for retinoblasoma
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leukocoria (white-pupillary reflex)
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how does Cromolyn work?
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prevents mast cell degranulation
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how does Ipratropium work?
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muscarinic antagonist
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what causes an asthma attack?
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due to bronchoconstriction triggered by increased parasympathetic activity
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what must you rule out in a child with altered mental status, seizure-activity, and iron-deficiency anemia?
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lead toxicity
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what is Swimmers ear? what bug most commonly causes it?
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otitis externa; likely pseudomonas
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treatment for scabies
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topical permethrin cream
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what is "slapped cheek"? what virus causes it
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erythemia infectiosum; parvovirus 19
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what causes Hand-Foot-Mouth disease?
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Coxsackie A virus
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how does an imperforate hyman present in neonates?
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presents as a bulging yellow-grey mass at the vaginal introitus that may cause urinary obstruction
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how does an imperforate hyman present in adolescents?
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presents as primary amenorrhea with cyclical pain
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how do you diagnose imperforate hyman?
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via pelvic ultrasound
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"onion skinning" appearance on x-ray of periosteum
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Ewing Sarcoma
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what causes Ewing Sarcoma?
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genetic translocation
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what is first line therapy for meningococcal meningitis? what do use to treat contacts?
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treat with IV penicillin; treat all contacts with rifampin or cipro
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what are the criteria for Kawasakis? how many are need to diagnose?
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need 4 of the following:
1. bilateral conjunctivitis 2. mucosal changes of the lips/pharynx (look for strawberry tongue) 3. dermatological changes of extremities, i.e. erythema/desquamation 4. non-vesicular truncal rash 5. cervical lymphadenopathy |
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treatment for Kawasakis
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aspirin and IVIG
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what causes mastoiditis? what can untreated masoiditis lead to?
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often caused by untreated otitis media, can lead to unilateral deafness
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what genetic disease must you consider in a infant without thymic shadow on x-ray?
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DiGeorges
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what lab finding do you see with DiGeorges
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hypocalcemia
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what causes respiratory distress in neontes and how do you treat it?
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due to low surfactant production; treat with surfactant spray and CPAP
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how do you treat OSA in pediatrics?
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T&A removal
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