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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Purpose of knowing morbidity and mortality rates?
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Measures disease and injury; used with mortality rates to present an objective picture of a community's healt status.
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Define morbidity and mortality.
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Morbidity- illness
Mortality- death |
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Primary Prevention
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focuses on health promotion and prevention of disease or injury
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Secondary Prevention
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Focuses on screening and early diagnosis of disease.
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Tertiary Prevention
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Interventions to optimize funcion for children with disability or chronic disease
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U.S. ranks in infant mortality
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27 nations at least 2.5 million infant mortality
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Main determining factor of neonatal death
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Low birth weight
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Therapeutic and non-therapeutic relationship
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Therapeutic: caring, well-defined boundaries separate nurse from child and family. Positive and professional and promot child's healthcare.
Non-Therapeutic: boundaries blurred, nurse's actions serve personal needs, need to feel wanted and involved, rather than family's needs. |
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Main factor determining type of injury a child is susceptible to
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developmental level and environment
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Family centered care
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Recognizes family as constant in child's life. Systems must support, respect, encourage, and enhance strength and competence of family. Needs of all family members must be addressed. Concepts of enabling and empowering.
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Atraumatic care
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provisionof therapeutic care through the use of interventions that eliminate or minimize the psychologic and physical distress experienced by children and their families in the health care system.
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Epidemiology
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process identifies distribution of disease, injury, or illness. Traingle of agent, host factors, and environmental
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Monozygotic identical twins
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Result of one fertilized ovum that became separated early in development. Alike physically and genetically. Same sex. Unaffected by maternal age. Tendency unaffected by heredity. Similar behavior.
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Dizygotic fraternal twins
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Result of fertilization of two ova. Differ physically and genetically. May be same sex or opposite. Fequency varies among races, highest in african-american
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Critical thinking
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Purposeful, goal-directed thinking that assists individuals in making good judgements.
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Autoritarian or Dictatorial
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Parents try to control their children's behavior and attitude. Rules and regulations established. Obedience valued. "Do it because I say so."
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Permissive or Laissez- Faire
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Little or no control over their children's actions. Resources not role models. Parents explain underlying reason rather than rules.
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Authoritative or Democratic
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Previous two combined. Respect child and voice opinion. Parental control firm, but encourages, understanding and security.
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Parenting the adopted child
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Adoption establishes a legal relationship between a child and parents who are not related by birth.
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Parenting and Divorce
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Begins with marital conflict, followed by separation, then legal divorce. Guilt is felt from child in divorcing parents.
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Custody and parenting partnerships
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Custody awarded to parent who is best able to provide for child's welfare. Stress felt by child.
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Single Parenting
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Results from divorce, separation, death, birth, or adoption of a child. Shortage of money, time, and energy is always for concern.
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Parenting in Reconstituted Family
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Addition to divorced families is a step paretn or step sibiling. Open communication helps build relationship.
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Parenting in Dual Earner Families
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Both parent's enter work force can put extra stress on the family, and rolse change.
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Foster parenting
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Child placed in an approved living situation away from the family of origin.
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Evidenced based practice
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Combines knowledge with clinical experiences and intuition.
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Ethnocentrism
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One's own culture proves the right and natural way to do things while all toher ways are unnatural.
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Culture
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Learned beliefs, values, and practices that are shared within group
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Fastest growing homeless population in America
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Homeless families
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Acculturation & Culture shock
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Acculturation: changes that occur within one group or among several groups.
Culture shock: feelings of helplessness, discomfort and state of disorientation. |
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Mongolian spots
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Individual with dark complexion can have a birth mark above the saccral area, that looks like a bruise, and abuse could be suspected.
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Health beliefs
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Related to cause of illness.
Natural force: cold air entering body and impurities in air. Supernautral force: voodoo, witch craft, evil spirits Imbalance of force: hot and cold |
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Health practices
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Similar with treatment and illness. Similarities among cultures regarding prevention and treatment of illness. Prenatal influences from folklore
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Visible Poverty vs. Invisible poverty
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Visible poverty: lack of money or material resources, insufficient clothing, poor sanitation.
Invisible poverty: social and cultural deprivation |
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Sensitive period
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Opportune times for specific areas of growth
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Pubertal growth spurts
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Female: 10-14 yr weight gain 15.4-55 lb height gain 2-10 in 95% height by age 13
Male: 11-16 yr weight gain 15.4-66 lb height gain 4-13 in 95% height by age 15 |
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Best determines skeletal age
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Radiologic determination of osseus maturation
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Trauma to which site affects bone growth?
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Epiphyseal growth plate
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Lymphoid tissues in children
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In children lymphoid tissues are small, non-tender, movable nodes generally is normal. If they are tender, enlarged, or warm, this could indicated infectionor inflammation.
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Difficult child
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Active, irritable, and irregular habits
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Child metabolism
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Very high metabolism rate
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Erikson's theory of personality development
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Trust vs Mistrust birth to 1 yr
Autonomy vs Shame and doubt 1yr to 3 yr Initiative vs Guilt 3-6yr Industry vs Inferiority 6-12 yr Identity vs Role confustion 12-18 yr |
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First thing a nurse should do to establish a setting for communication
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Establish a setting (privacy and confidentiality), computer privacy and application is nursing, telephone triage and counseling, HIPPA
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Best way to encourage a patient or family member to talk
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Broad open ended questions. Direct question on basis of observation.
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Single most important factor to consider when communicating with a child
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Communication related to development of thought process
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History taking
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Direct: nurse asks for information
Indirect: informant supplies the information by completing some types of questionare |
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Cremasteric reflex
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pulls testes higher into pelvic cavity; stimulated by cold, touch, emotional excitement, or exercise
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Spinal meningitis
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Movement of spine is an important diagnostic sign of neurologic problems; meningitis. Head moviment is effortless in all directions
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Normal funduscopic exam
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Fundus immediately apparent as red reflex. Optic disc most conspicuous feature, where the blood vessels, and optic nerve fibers enter and exit form eye. Creamy white in color and round or vertically oval. Normally brances off arteries and veins cross one another.
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Anterior fontanel
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Fuses between 12-18 months. If closes early or late, may be a sign of pathologic condition.
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Wheezes
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produced as air passes through narrowed passageways
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Heart murmur sound
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Heart murmur are produced by vibrations within the heart chambers or in the major arteries from the back-and-forth flow of blood. Recognize murmurs as distinct swishing sounds
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Examing abdomen
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To examine the abdome properly, first inspect, then auscultate, then palpate
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Tailor position
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Also called indian style is to inspect young males genitalia, stretches muscles, and prevents contraction
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Suspected child abuse
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Any recent act or failure to act that results in imminent risk of serious harm, death, serious physical or emotional harm of a child by a parent or caretaker who is responsible for the child's welfare.
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PERRLA
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Pupils Equal Roud React Light Accomodation
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Down Syndrome Child
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Slower growth velocity between 6 months-3 years, and in adolescence. Puberty earlier. Shorter stature
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Non-Pharmacologic pain management
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Distraction, relaxation, guided imagery, containment and swaddling, non-nutritive sucking, and kangaroo care
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Pharmacologic pain management
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Non opoids (tylenol, NSAIDS), opoids (morphine), coanalgesics, PCA, epidural analgesic
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Socal-affective play
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Infants take pleasure in relationships with people (smiling and cooing)
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Sense-pleasure play
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Nonsocial stimulating experience. Objects in environment stimulate senses.
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Skill play
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Infants develop ability to grasp, and manipulate, exercuse newly acquired abilities.
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Dramatic play
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11-13 months begins, pretend play, learn and practice roles
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Onlooker play
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Children watch what other children are doing, but make no attempt to join in.
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Solitary play
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Children play alone with toys
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Parallel play
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Children play independently but among other children
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Associative play
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Children play together and engaged in similar, or identical activities
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Cooperative play
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Organized qhere children play in a group with other children
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Toy safety
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Joint effort between children and parents. Government agencies do not police and insepct all toys on market. Evaluation of safety is always adults responsibility.
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Influences growth
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Heredity: inherited characteristics
Neuroendocrine factors: Hypothalamic pituitary axis Nutrition: most important influence Interpersonal relationships: emotional, intellectual, personality Socioeconomic level: lower level may lack knowledge Disease: altered growth and development Environmental hazards: physical injuries Stress on childhood: coping |
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Media influences
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Reading materials (books, magazines, newspapers)
Movies (socially approved behavior) Television (socializing agent) Internet and video games (increased hours spent) |
