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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Live Attenuated Virus
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Live attenuated vaccines are produced by modifying disease-
causing viruses or bacteria in a laboratory. The attenuated virus or bacteria can still replicate and produce immunity but usually does not cause illness. |
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Viral vaccines (Attenuated)
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Live attenuated viral vaccines are made from weakened viruses.
Currently available live attenuated viral vaccines include measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, vaccinia (smallpox), live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), and varicella. Live oral polio and rotavirus vaccines are no longer used in the United States. |
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Bacterial vaccines (live attenuated)
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Live attenuated bacterial vaccines are made from weakened
bacteria. Currently available live attenuated bacterial vaccines include Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and oral typhoid. |
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Inactivated vaccines
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Inactivated vaccines are vaccines that are produced by killing
disease-producing viruses or bacteria. The resulting vaccine, made of whole dead microorganisms or pieces of dead microorganisms, cannot replicate. For this reason, the entire dose of antigen is administered in the injection. |
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Whole-cell viral vaccines
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Whole-cell viral vaccines are made from viruses that are
inactivated by chemicals or heat. Inactivated virus cannot cause disease. Currently available inactivated whole-cell viral vaccines include polio, rabies, and hepatitis A. Whole-cell inactivated influenza vaccine is no longer available in the United States. There are no whole-cell bacterial vaccines being used in the United States. |
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Fractional vaccines
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Fractional vaccines are inactivated vaccines made from pieces
of bacteria or viruses. |
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Toxoid
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Toxoids are inactivated vaccines made from modified toxins.
Toxins are the poisons produced by some bacteria. Once a toxin is modified into a toxoid, it cannot cause disease. Currently available toxoids include diphtheria and tetanus |
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Subunit
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Subunit vaccines are made from pieces of viruses or bacteria. The
pieces are able to stimulate the immune system but do not cause disease. Currently available inactivated subunit vaccines include hepatitis B, inactivated influenza, acellular pertussis, and Lyme disease*. |
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Polysaccharide
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Polysaccharide vaccines are a type of subunit vaccine. They are
made from pieces of the polysaccharide capsule that surrounds certain bacteria. Polysaccharide vaccines are generally less effective than live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines that are based on protein. Currently available polysaccharide vaccines include pneumococcal , meningococcal, and typhoid Vi. |
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Conjugate
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Conjugate vaccines are a type of subunit vaccine. They are made
by joining (conjugating) a piece of the polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the bacteria to a protein carrier. Conjugation makes the vaccine more effective. Currently available conjugate vaccines include Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal for children |
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Which type of vaccine can be made
from pieces of viruses or bacteria? |
Some inactivated vaccines are made from pieces of viruses or
bacteria. Live attenuated vaccines are made from weakened live viruses. |
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Which type of vaccine is made using the
capsule that surrounds some bacteria? |
Polysaccharide vaccines are made from portions of the capsule
that surrounds some bacteria. The other types listed are not made using a portion of this capsule. |
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Which type of vaccine contains a protein
carrier that increases its effectiveness? |
Conjugate vaccines are made by joining a portion of the bacteria
capsule to a protein carrier |
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Which vaccine is made from a modified bacterial toxin?
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Td vaccine is made from Td toxoids, which are modified toxins
produced by the tetanus and diphtheria bacteria, Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. |
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Which vaccine contains weakened
virus that replicates in the body? |
MMR is a live attenuated vaccine that contains weakened measles,
mumps, and rubella viruses. |
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Based on General Rule #1, which vaccine would
produce a better immune response? |
Live attenuated
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For which vaccine would the immune response most likely
be affected by the presence of circulating antibodies? |
Live attenuated vaccines may be affected by circulating antibodies, while inactivated vaccines are not.
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When is the best time to administer an
injected live attenuated vaccine? |
When a person's antibody titer is low.
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Hepatitis B vaccine is inactivated. What would happen to the
immune response to hepatitis B vaccine if the body's circulating antibody level were high, e.g., because the person had recently received an immune globulin? |
The immune response would be unchanged.
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Live attenuated measles vaccine is affected by circulating
antibodies. What would happen if measles vaccine was administered to a person yesterday, and immune globulin was administered to the same person today? |
The immune globulin would cause vaccine failure.
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A child received packed red blood cells last week. How
long must she wait before receiving MMR vaccine? |
f a person has received an antibody-containing product, live
attenuated vaccines should not be given until the antibody level decreases. For packed red blood cells, this takes about 6 months. |
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A susceptible child is exposed to varicella virus and is given
varicella immune globulin (VZIG) to prevent chickenpox. When is the soonest this child can be given varicella vaccine for long-lasting protection against varicella? |
The recommended interval between administration of varicella IG
and varicella vaccine is 5 months |
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There is no contraindication to the simultaneous
administration of any vaccines. |
if live vaccines are not given simultaneously, they must be separated by at least four weeks.
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You need to vaccinate a 2-month-old child. What
is the recommended schedule for Hib vaccine? |
The recommended schedule for Hib vaccination is 2 months,
4 months, 6 months, and 12 to 15 months. |
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A baby received PCV-1 at 8 weeks of age and PCV-2
at 11 weeks of age. What actions should be taken? |
The second dose was given too soon. This may cause interference
with antibody response and protection. Do not count the second dose. Repeat the second dose in 4 weeks. The repeat doses should be spaced after the invalid dose by the recommended minimum interval. |
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Shock
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a serious reaction to illness, trauma, loss of blood, or dehydration that causes a drop in blood pressure and inadequate circulation in the body
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Intranasal influenza vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine. What
type of adverse reaction is most likely to occur after influenza vaccination? |
A mild systemic reaction similar to the natural disease.
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A parent reports that her child has redness and swelling at the
vaccination site that began a few hours after the injection. This is an example of which type of adverse reaction? |
Local reaction
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hypotonic reaction
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also called "hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode" (HHE); occurs rarely after DTaP vaccination; infants' symptoms include paleness and decreased muscle tone, responsiveness, and activity
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Which is a valid permanent contraindication to vaccination
with a pertussis-containing vaccine? |
Encephalopathy without a known cause within 7 days of
pertussis vaccine. |
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generalized tetanus
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the most common type of tetanus infection; symptoms include descending symptoms of trismus (lockjaw), difficulty swallowing, muscle rigidity, and spasms
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