Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
# of people in a population faced with a specific health problem at a specific time |
Morbidity |
|
|
# of deaths from a specific cause in a year (per 100,000) |
Mortality |
|
|
# of deaths of infants under one year old per 1000 live births |
infant mortality rate (IMR) |
|
|
The number one cause of mortality in children >1 year |
accidents and injuries |
|
|
Causes of death by age:
|
Under 1 year |
|
|
Causes of death by age: injuries, congenital anomalies, malignant neoplasm, influenza & pneumonia, homocide, heart disease, meningitis, cerebrovascular diseases, suffocation, drowning/burns |
1-4 years |
|
|
Causes of death by age: injuries, congenital anomalies, malignant neoplasm, influenza & pneumonia, homocide, heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, suicide |
5-14 years |
|
|
Causes of death by age: MVAs, unintentional injuries, homocide, suicide, malignant neoplasm, heart disease, AIDS, firearms |
15-24 years |
|
|
Four responsibilities of a pediatric nurse |
1. recognize developmental immaturity 2. distinguish normal characteristics from disease processes 3. identify threats to well-being 4. direct supportive nursing strategies |
|
|
Three stages of separation anxiety Common in this age range |
1. Protest 2. Despair 3. Detachment 6-30 month olds |
|
|
A chronic condition is something that interferes with daily functioning for ___________ a year, and will cause hospitalization for at least _________ a year. |
3 months, 1 month |
|
|
Name 5 common pediatric chronic illnesses |
1. asthma 2. spina bifida 3. diabetes 4. cystic fibrosis 5. developmental delay |
|
|
3 Stages families go through during a diagnosis of a chronic illness |
1. shock & denial 2. adjustment 3. reintegration & acknowledgement |
|
|
Psychosocial development for |
Trust vs mistrust language development, socialization begins. Play is integral in socialization. Early development begins and sensorimotor. sucking is the infant's chief pleasure. |
|
|
Psychosocial development for 1-3 yrs - Toddler |
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt period of developing independence, more elaborate vocalizations, social skills, short attention spans, tactile play, imitation, parallel play |
|
|
Psychosocial development for 3-6 yrs |
Initiative vs Guilt slow and steady change. More social development, language, and play. Assert their power of control over the world, directing play. |
|
|
Psychosocial development for 6-12 yrs |
Industry vs Inferiority play is structured. strive to become competent, star to do math, draw, etc. Start to evaluate their own work. Play is structured, they have best friends. Peer approval is a big motivator. Start sex education. |
|
|
Psychosocial development for 12-19 yrs |
Identity vs Role Confusion who am i? who is my group? where do i fit in? mood swings. Formal operational thought. Rapid change and growth spurts. 2ndary sex characteristics. |
|
|
Infants: 0-6 mo nutrition 7-12 mo nutrition First food to be added to diet |
milk milk & complementary food iron fortified cereals |
|
|
Infants sleep: Newborn - 6 mo: 6 mo - 1 year: When teeth usually begin to erupt: |
16 hrs (3-4 hrs at a time, 3 naps) 14 hrs (2 naps) 6-10 months |
|
|
two types of live attenuated immunizations |
MMR, Varicella |
|
|
3 vaccines pregnant individuals should avoid |
MMR Varicella HPV |
|
|
By what age are all teeth typically erupted |
33 months |
|
|
Toddlers (1-3 yrs) After age 1 they should start eating: Sleep: Visit dentist by age _____ or _____ months after first tooth |
what the family is eating 11-12 hrs 1 year, 6 months |
|
|
Preschool (3-5 yrs) sleep: |
12 hrs, sometimes nap |
|
|
Adolescents (12-19 yrs) Nutrition: Sleep: Injury prevention: |
increase Ca for bone growth 8-9 hrs MVAs and suicide |
|
|
Excess of body fat 20% more than ideal body weight for a person's age and height |
obese |
|
|
QUESTT pain assessment |
question the child and parents use appropriate pain assessment tools evaluate the child's behaviour secure the parent's active participation in tx take the cause of pain into consideration take action and evaluate results |
|
|
PCAs are effective and used for children >_____ years old |
5 years |
|
|
True or false narcotics are more dangerous for children than adults |
false false |
|
|
Concept of death and dying: Infants & Toddlers Preschool School-age Adolescents |
regression, don't know what it is 'sleep', temporary, punishment death is concrete around age 7 more mature understanding |
|
|
four things a communicable disease is dependant upon |
1. degree of pathogenicity 2. dose of infectious agent 3. resistance of host 4. correct mode of entry |
|
|
period after infection of a host when infectious agent cannot be transmitted to another host |
latent period |
|
|
period after an infection when agent can be transmitted to another host |
communicable period |
|
|
time between exposure to a communicable disease and first appearance of symptoms |
incubation period |
|
|
time between first appearance of symptoms of a communicable disease and resolution of symptoms |
disease period |
|
|
period after infection of a communicable disease in which antigen is present but no antibodies are detected |
window period |
|
|
CD__________: inflammation of the liver, produced by infection, toxins, drugs, hypersensitivity, immune mechanisms |
Hepatitis |
|
|
CD__________: transmitted from fecal oral contact, or infected water or food. Rarely blood borne transmission. Severity is mild, lasts _____________ weeks |
Hepatitis A 2-6 weeks |
|
|
6 S&S of Hepatitis A |
Fever Weakness Anorexia Abdominal discomfort/nausea dark urine jaundice |
|
|
CD__________: blood borne transmission, perinatal transmission, and sexual transmission. Non-specific S&S usually develop within __________ months. |
Hepatitis B 2-3 months |
|
|
CD__________: Type 1: Type 2: usually affect face, lips, skin, fingers, CNS in infants |
Herpes simplex cold sores, fever blisters genital herpes |
|
|
CD__________: affects resp. CNS, pharynx, eyes, systemic. Transmitted from air droplets, and direct contact with secretions Symptoms begin with fever, hacking, coughing, conjunctivitis, swelling of eyelids |
Measles |
|
|
Measles: 1-2 days before a rash you will have small red-based lesions with white-blue centers on buccal mucosa. These are known as _________ |
Kopliks spots |
|
|
CD__________: Affects salivary glands, and CNS. Transmitted by respiratory droplets, direct contact with saliva, and has a _________ day incubation period |
Mumps 12-25 |
|
|
4 S&S of mumps |
1. fever 2. headache 3. swelling 4. tenderness of salivary glands |
|
|
Whats the top concern in regards to Rubella |
Maternal transmission - Congenital Rubella Syndrome |
|
|
Whooping cough is most communicable BEFORE or AFTER the onset of coughing? |
Before (incubation period) |
|
|
_______________ decreases communicability and symptoms of whooping cough if given in incubation period. |
Erythromycin |
|
|
Treatment for mono? |
NSAIDS hand washing No immunizations for it |
|
|
Whats the primary cause of altered respiratory function in children? |
viral infection |
|
|
infants primarily breath through their? |
nose |
|
|
Kids typically go into __________ failure first, as opposed to adults who go into __________ failure first. |
respiratory cardiac |
|
|
9 early signs of respiratory failure |
1. altered depth and pattern of resps 2. tachypnea: neonate 50-60, adolescent >22 3. nasal flaring 4. retractions 5. expiratory grunting 6. wheezing 7. headache 8. tachycardia 9. CNS symptoms: restlessness, irritable, anxious, confused |
|
|
7 signs of severe respiratory distress and hypoxia |
1. dyspnea 2. absence of wheeze 3. bradycardia 4. cyanosis 5. somnolence 6. stupor 7. coma |
|
|
Respiratory arrest: Apnea - _____ to ______ seconds without breathing hypoxemia pO2 <_____mmhg hypercapnia pCO2 >______mmhg |
15-20 50 50 |
|
|
7 strategies for managing resp. dysfunction |
1. respiratory therapy 2. medications 3. reduce temp 4. provide hydration/nutrition 5. promote rest/comfort 6. prevent spread of infection 7. family support and home care |
|
|
RDS: caused by a deficiency of _________, causing __________ to collapse on ____________ |
surfactant, alveoli, expiration |
|
|
RDS: damage to pulmonary capillary epithelium causes formation of __________ ___________ |
hyaline membrane |
|
|
RDS: predisposing factors include 2. infants with __________ mothers 3. infants delivered ___________ 4. the _________ born of twins |
1. 35 2. diabetic 3. C/s 4. second |
|
|
respiratory dysfunction rds which one do you give fluids to, which one are you NPO? |
RDS is npo |
|
|
room air is _____% oxygen |
21 |
|
|
Croup syndromes are infections of the __________ and the __________ |
epiglottis and larynx |
|
|
Acute Viral Pharyngitis: 1. Peak incidence 2. S&S |
1. young school age, winter & spring 2. low-grade fever, malaise, anorexia, headache, rhinnorhea, cough, sore throat |
|
|
Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis 1. Strep rare <_____ years of age 2. sudden onset, and acutely ill up to ____ weeks 3. therapeutic management |
1. 2 2. 2 3. throat culture, antibiotics for 10 days, re-culture after 14 days |
|
|
7 parts of preop assessment for Tonsillitis |
1. recent URTI 2. elevated temp 3. allergies 4. hx. of bleeding tendencies 5. uncontrolled illnesses 6. family hx of reaction to anesthetic 7. loose teeth |
|
|
6 parts of post-op care for tonsil removal |
1. side-lying or prone position 2. monitor v/s 3. monitor for bleeding 4. small amount fluids when fully awake, no straw 5. relieve throat pain 6. home management instructions |
|
|
Influenza: 1. presents with (2) 2. sudden onset of (5) |
1. cough and dry throat 2. fever, chills, flushed face, photophobia, myalgia |
|
|
Croup: 1. primarily caused by ________ 2. croup syndrome affects the (3) |
1. virus' 2. bronchi, larynx, trachea |
|
|
Epiglottitis: A key sign of epiglottitis they often sit in _______ position |
drooling tripod |
|
|
Epiglottitis: 6 ways to manage it |
1. antibiotics 2. allow for comfortable positioning 3. reduce anxiety 4. mist 5. IV hydration 6. O2 and airway on hand |
|
|
Acute Laryngitis: 1. more common in ______ 2. chief complaint 3. usually caused by a ______ |
1. older children/adolescence 2. hoarseness 3. virus |
|
|
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) 1. how common? 2. generally affects children <_______ years old 3. true or false, can be managed at home |
1. most common croup syndrome 2. 5 3. true |
|
|
Manifestations of LTB (4) |
1. inspiration stridor 2. suprasternal retractions 3. barking or seal like cough 4. increased resp. distress and hypoxia |
|
|
4 therapeutic managements for LTB |
1. airway management 2. maintain hydration - PO or IV 3. high humidity with cool mist 4. nebulizer treatments (steroids/epi) |
|
|
Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis: 1. occurs chiefly in the ___________ 2. most often affects children ages _________ 3. usually subsides with ____________ |
1. night 2. 1-3 3. cool mist |
|
|
Four types of croup syndromes: |
1. epiglottitis 2. laryngitis 3. LTB 4. acute spasmotic croup |
|
|
Bronchitis: Produces a dry hacking cough which becomes productive in ___________ days. It is an infection of the _________ airways. |
3-4 lower |
|
|
Bronchiolitis: Typically caused by _______. Tell tale sign of RSV ______________. |
RSV lots of nasal secretions |
|
|
5 therapeutic managements for Bronchiolitis |
1. isolation 2. O2 and pulse oximetry 3. high humidity 4. maintain hydration 5. bronchodilators |
|
|
Pneumonia: It is infection of the ________ ___________. Most frequent in ___________ and ________. |
pulmonary parenchyma infancy/childhood, and young adulthood |
|
|
General symptoms of Pneumonia (4) |
1 fever 2 respiratory signs 3 behaviour changes 4 gi signs |
|
|
Viral Pneumonia: 1. ________ frequent than bacterial 2. Symptoms vary from mild fever and cough to ________, high fever, and severe _________ |
more malaise, fever |
|
|
Atypical Pneumonia: 1. most common cause of pneumonia in ages __________ 2. recovery usually in ____________ days |
5-12 7-10 |
|
|
Bacterial Pneumonia: 1. symptoms may be severe, acute onset, _____________ more severely affected 2. Dx? 3. six therapeutic managements |
1. young children 2. x-ray 3. antipyretics, antibiotics, bedrest, close monitoring, hydration, oxygen |
|
|
Bacterial Pneumonia: three potential complications, even though prognosis is usually good |
1. pneumothorax 2. otitis media 3. pleural effusion |
|
|
To reduce exercise induced asthma, use your bronchodilator ___________ minutes before activity |
10-15 |
|
|
Asthma: Controller Medicine is usually anti-inflammatory (________), used __________, works _________, side effects are hoarseness, thrush, and a mild decrease in __________. |
steroid, once a day, slowly, growth |
|
|
Asthma: Reliever medicine is a _______ acting bronchodilator. Used ______ to treat acute symptoms, relaxes muscles around the airways, and works in ___________ minutes, lasting for ________ hours. |
short PRN 10-15 4 |
|
|
Asthma: Combination medicine is usually an inhaled _________ and a long acting ____________. Used __________. |
steroid beta agonist daily |
|
|
Asthma: Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists are a class of _____________ medications. They're taken _________ in the evening. Can cause thirst, diarrhea, abd. pain, and hyperactivity. |
anti-inflammatory daily |
|
|
Asthma: Prednisone is an ______________ steroid med, usually given for ____________ days. Side effects can be increased appetite, upset stomach, and mood swings |
anti-inflammatory 5-7 |
|
|
Newborn First Breath: 1. Pressure in pulmonary tissue __________ 2. Pressure in right side of heart ___________ 3. Pressure in left side of heart __________ 4. Pressure in aorta __________ 5. Duct closes due to ______ [blood O2], and ______ of endogenous PGs. |
1. decreases 2. decreases 3. increases 4. increases 5. higher, lower |
|
|
Which duct closes first in a newborns heart? What comes next, and when? What comes last, and when? |
Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosis (within hours) Ductus venosus (within days) |
|
|
Most common congenital heart disease/anomaly |
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) |
|
|
Three congenital heart defects that result in increased pulmonary blood flow? give S&S of CHF Which one can be asymptomatic |
ventricular septal defect (most common) atrial septal defect patent ductus arteriosus ASD, sometimes PDA |
|
|
Indomethacin is used to close what? for what defect? |
Ductus arteriosus, for patent ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow Defects: S&S similar to? Two types |
hypoxemia Tetralogy of Fallot Tricuspid Atresia |
|
|
Four components of Tetrology of Fallot (TOF) Children with a cyanotic heart defect usually assume what position? |
1. VSD 2. Pulmonic stenosis 3. Overriding Aorta 4. Right ventricular hypertrophy knee to chest - during tet spells |
|
|
Obstructive Heart Defects: 1. S&S similar to 2. three types 3. increased or decreased CO |
1. CHF 2. coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis 3. decreased |
|
|
Coarctation of the aorta: 1. ______ BP 2. bounding pulses in _________ 3. absence or weak __________ pulses 4. _______ lower extremities with ________ bp 5. after surgical repair, kids hearts still pump as hard so they usually have high ______ |
1. high 2. arms 3. femoral 4. cool, low 5. BP |
|
|
Aortic stenosis: 1. causes low ________, left ventricular ___________ and pulmonary _______ __________ 2. infants with severe AS have faint _______, poor feeding, tachycardia, a murmur, and ____________ 3. fixed with _________ __________. |
1. CO, hypertrophy,vascular congestion 2. pulses, hypotension 3. balloon angioplasty |
|
|
Mixed Defects: 1. mixing of desaturated ________ blood and saturated ________ blood 2. pulmonary congestion and ________ CO result 3. S&S similar to _________ and cyanosis 4. three types of mixed defects. |
1. pulmonary, systemic 2. decreased 3. CHF 4. i. Transposition of Great Vessels 4. ii. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) 4. iii. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome |
|
|
Mixed Defects: Transposition of the Great Vessels 1. requires surgery? Why? 2. whats given prior, and why? 3. no connection between syst. & pulm. unless what is present? |
1. yes, no connection, need to connect circuits 2. prostaglandin to keep the ducts open until surgical repair, for circulation 3. patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), or septal defects |
|
|
CHF: 1. left sided failure: 2. right sided failure: 3. LSF causes _______ congestion 4. RSF causes _______ congestion |
1. RV can't pump blood to pulmonary artery 2. LV can't pump blood to systemic circulation 3. pulmonary 4. systemic |
|
|
CHF: 1. S&S of LSHF (4) 2. S&S of RSHF (4) 3. Compensatory response (5) |
1. weight gain, hepatomegaly, edema, JVD 2. tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, wheezes 3. tachycardia, cardiomegaly, diaphoresis, fatigue, failure to grow |
|
|
CHF: Management 1. to decrease fluid retention and relieve pulmonary edema, you want to decrease ___________ 2. to improve cardiac output/function, and increase cardiac contractility, you want to decrease __________ |
1. preload 2. afterload |
|
|
CHF: 1. decreasing afterload (knot in balloon) usually involves using vasodilators. Two drugs given are (2) 2. decreasing preload (blowing up balloon) usually involves getting rid of fluid & restricting fluid intake. What drug type was mentioned? |
1. Digoxin, (monitor pulse, drug toxicity, maintain normal electrolytes,) ACE inhibitors (monitor BP) 2. Diuretics (monitor IO, wt, lytes, give daily) |
|
|
_________ - inadequate oxygenation at the cellular level _________ - a deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood |
hypoxia hypoxemia |
|
|
Four types of Acquired CVDs |
1. bacterial endocarditis 2. rheumatic fever 3. kawasaki disease 4. hypertension |
|
|
Bacterial Endocarditis: seven clinical manifestations |
1. intermittent fever 2. malaise 3. night sweats 4. anorexia 5. chills 6. myalgia 7. fatigue |
|
|
Clinical manifestations of Rheumatic Fever (5) |
1. carditis 2. polarthritis 3. erythema marginatum 4. subcutaneous nodules 5. St. Vitus' Dance |
|
|
Which acquired CVD can be identified by Strawberry tongue? |
Kawasaki bah! |
|
|
GI 2. Infants lack _____, ______, ______ (enzymes) |
1. 6 weeks 2. amylase, lipase, trypsin |
|
|
GI: Meconium should be passed within _____ to _____ hours of live. If not, assess for |
24-36 1. hirschsprung disease 2. hypothyroidism 3. meconium plug 4. meconium ileus |
|
|
GI: 1. constipation is more common in ______-fed infants 2. leading cause of illness in children <5 yo 3. Mild Dehydration (%), Moderate D. (%) Severe 4. Nissen fundoplication is sometimes used to treat ___ |
1. formula 2. acute diarrhea 3. 5% body wt loss, 10%, 15% 4. GER |
