Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What percentage of an infant's total body weight is ECF?
|
>50%
|
|
|
what is the normal sodium electrolyte ranges?
|
138-145
|
|
|
What is the normal potassium electrolyte range?
|
3.5-5.0
|
|
|
What is the normal chloride electrolyte range?
|
98-106
|
|
|
What is the normal carbon dioxide electrolyte range?
|
20-28 mEq/L
|
|
|
What is the normal range for BUN?
|
7-18 mg/dl
|
|
|
what is the normal creatinine range?
|
0.3-0.7 mg/dl
|
|
|
Important History Questions for GI considerations?
|
1. How much does the patient usually drink? How much?
2. Output in terms of stool/urine including smell and consistency 3. Any illnesses? Fever? |
|
|
Good history question for parents not breast feeding?
|
How do you mix your formula? Can you show me how you mix it?
|
|
|
Assessments for electrolyte imbalance?
|
1. tachycardia
2. skin turgor 3. circulatory compromise 4. capillary refill 5. skin breakdown 6. possible edema |
|
|
What patients get strict I/Os?
|
1. IVF
2. Thermal burns 3. renal disease/damage 4. CHF 5. dehydration 6. oliguria 7. surgery 8. corticosteroids |
|
|
What is expected urine for a child?
|
**1-2 cc/kg/hr**
|
|
|
How does fever increase urine output?
|
+7 ml/kg/24hr/1 degree of fever
|
|
|
What is isotonic dehydration?
|
Electrolytes are balanced with water loss
|
|
|
What is hypotonic dehydration?
|
electrolytes > water deficit
|
|
|
What is hypertonic dehydration?
|
Water loss > electrolyte deficits
|
|
|
Signs of dehydration in children?
|
1. sunken fontanel
2. weight loss 3. lack of tears 4. skin turgor 5. dry mucous membranes 6. reduced capillary refill |
|
|
How does oral rehydration therapy work?
|
1. keeps kids out of hospital
2. parents are able to provide proper fluid balance 3. used to combat continued fluid loss |
|
|
What is gastroenteritis?
|
intestine disease
|
|
|
What is enteritis?
|
small intestine disease
|
|
|
What is enterocolitis?
|
colon/intestine disease
|
|
|
What counts as acute diarrhea?
|
<14 days
|
|
|
What counts as chronic diarrhea?
|
lasting longer than 14 days
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of illness in children under 5?
|
diarrhea
|
|
|
What is the pathophysiology of cleft lip and palate?
|
Medial and nasal passages do not close during fetal development causing a notch on the lip unilateral/bilateral and absent/deformed teeth
|
|
|
What are the risk factors for cleft lip and palate?
|
1. Phenytoin
2. valproic acid 3. thalidomine, 4. dioxin 5. low folic acid 6. smoking |
|
|
Important surgical requirements for cleft lip repair?
|
~10 weeks old, ~10 lbs, and respiratory stable
|
|
|
What is esophageal atresia?
|
The esophagus stops, it is not a continuous tube
|
|
|
What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?
|
The airway and esophagus are connected
|
|
|
How is TEF/EA diagnosed prenatal?
|
Polyhydraminos = too much amniotic fluid r/t inability to swallow
|
|
|
Symptoms of TEF/EA?
|
1. frothy white bubbles in mouth
2. Feeding issues like coughing, choking, cyanosis 3. respiratory distress |
|
|
How is TEF/EA diagnoses?
|
NGT and xray
|
|
|
Nursing considerations for TEF/EA?
|
1. keep a patent airway
2. prevent aspiration with HOB at 30 3. antibiotics if suspected aspirated 4. NPO/IVF 5. supportive care |
|
|
What are some complications of TEF/EA?
|
1. leak at anastomosis
2. respiratory issues 3. ***Tracheomalacia** 4. **GERD** |
|
|
How many patients with TEF/EA end up with tracheomalacia?
|
~75%
|
|
|
What is an omphalocele?
|
1. the failure of the infolding of abdominal wall at 3 weeks.
2. bowel does not return to abdomen 3. bowel herniates through umbilical ring 4. associated with other cardiac, neurologic, skeletal, and bladder anomalies |
|
|
What is gastroschisis?
|
1. bowel herniates through defect in abdominal wall lateral to umbilical righ
2. Not covered by sac 3. **NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER ANOMALIES TYPICALLY** 4. defect itself is more problematic |
|
|
What are the nursing considerations for abdominal wall defect?
|
1. protect sac or the viscera from drying out w/ saline soaked gauze that is non-adherent
2. bowel bag for gastroschisis 3. Gastric decompression w/ NPO/IVF 4. antibiotics |
|
|
What is a silo bag?
|
1. Bag with a twistie at the top that covers bowel
2. surgeon slowly pushes bowel into abdomen 3. assess for expansion of stomach |
|
|
What does GERD stand for?
|
Gastroesophageal Reflux
|
|
|
Symptoms of GERD in an infant?
|
1. regurgitation
2. excessive crying ** 3. weight loss/ FTT 4. Respiratory problems 5. hematemesis |
|
|
Symptoms of GERD in a child?
|
1. heartburn
2. abdominal pain 3. non-cardiac chest pain 4. chronic cough 5. dyspagia 6. recurrent pneumonia |
|
|
How to diagnosis GERD?
|
1. UGI r/p anatomic defect
2. 24hr pH probe 3. Endoscopy/Biopsy |
|
|
Treatment of GERD?
|
1. avoidance of foods
2. lifestyle changes 3. address contributing condition 4. H2 receptor antagonists 5. PPis |
|
|
What is pyloric stenosis?
|
hypertrophy of circular muscle around pylorus causes narrowing of the canal between stomach and duodenum
|
|
|
Symptoms of pyloric stenosis?
|
1. projectile vomiting
2. nonbillious vomitting 3. visible peristaltic waves going left to right |
|
|
How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?
|
1. history
2. ultrasound |
|
|
How is pyloric stenosis repaired?
|
Surgical repair via laproscopic pyloromyotomy
|
|
|
Pre-operative nursing considerations for pyloric stenosis?
|
1. NPO/IVFs
2. Rehydration hours before 3. Correct metabolic alkalosis |
|
|
Post-op nursing considerations for pyloric stenosis?
|
1. start feeding 4-6 hrs after
2. mild pain management 3. monitor for complications |
|
|
What is hirschprungs disease?
|
a mechanical obstruction due to the absence of ganglion cells in a section of the intestine
|
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of hirschprungs in newborns?
|
1. failure to pass meconium within 1-2 days
2. refusal to feed 3. billious vomiting 4. abdominal distention |
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of hirschprungs in infants?
|
1. FTT
2. constipation 3. abdominal distention 4. episodes of V/D 5. enterocolitis, watery diarrhea, fever, ill appearing |
|
|
What are the clinical manifestations of hirschprungs in children?
|
1. Undernourishment /anemic
2. constipation, palpable feces, ribbon-like foul smelling stool 3. abdominal distention 4. visible peristalsis |
|
|
What is intussusception?
|
The intertwining of parts of the intestine
|
|
|
Symptoms of intussuscpetion?
|
1. sudden acute abdominal pain
2. appears normal between episodes 3. vomiting w/ lethargy 4. **red/currant jelly stools** 5. abdomen tender |
|
|
how to diagnose intussusception?
|
1. x-ray to r/o perforation
2. Radiology guided enema to reduce blockages |
|
|
What is a sign that the bowel has righted itself in intussuscpetion?
|
passage of normal stool without pain
|
|
|
What are some of the materials used for an enema r/t intussusception?
|
air, saline, or barium
|
