Pediatric Review

Front 1

To obtain the best pediatric images, it might be necessary to use ___________ probes.

Back 1

multiple

Front 2

Which probe (MHz) is used for newborns to one year's old?

Back 2

5 - 12 MHz

Front 3

Which pediatric view shows:

RVIT, RVOT with pulmonary valve

long axis of LV

AoV and Ascending Ao

SVC right of Asc. Ao and main Pulm. artery

connection of SUV to RA

connection of IAS and Pulm veins to LA

Back 3

SubXiphoid Long Axis

Front 4

Cardiac position and the Apex of the heart should be determined from which view?

Back 4

standard SubCostal

Front 5

What is the 'usual Atrial arrangement' referred as?

Back 5

Situs Solitus

Front 6

What is the 'mirror-image arrangement' referred as?

Back 6

Situs Inversus

Front 7

It is optimal to position the patient on their _________ side, the same as in adult echo.

Back 7

left side

Front 8

What is the electrode placement for pediatric patients?

Back 8

White - right shoulder

Black - left shoulder

Red - left abdomen

Front 9

What is a bilateral right or left atrial morphology referred to as?

Back 9

Isomerism

Front 10

The heart placement in Dextrocardia (right chest), Levocardia (left chest), Mesocardia (mid chest) and the Apex orientation may point to the left, right or middle describes?

Back 10

Situs Solitus

Front 11

Which pediatric view shows:

LVOT

prox Asc. Ao

Atria

atrioventricular valves (cross section)

left atrioventricular groove (cross section)

coronary sinus along left atriovent. groove

Back 11

Apical 4 chamber

Front 12

What is the most common type of ASD (70%)?

Back 12

Ostium Secundum ASD

Front 13

Patients with ASD are usually ________________ early in life.

Back 13

Asymptomatic

Front 14

Occasional reports of ______________ and recurrent __________________ occur in infants with ASD.

Back 14

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Pneumonia

Front 15

Which is the best view for interrogating an ASD?

Back 15

Subcostal 4 chamber

Front 16

___________ is common in 6% to 10% of all congenital heart disease.

Back 16

ASD

Front 17

_______ _____________ in an otherwise young healthy patient should always suggest the possibility of an ASD.

Back 17

RV dilatation

Front 18

RV dilatation in an otherwise young healthy patient should always suggest the possibility of a(n) ___________.

Back 18

ASD

Front 19

Name the four types of ASD's.

Back 19

Ostium Secundum ASD

Ostium Primum ASD

Sinus Venosus ASD

Coronary Sinus ASD

Front 20

What has superseded Cardiac Catheterization as the confirmatory test for ASD?

Back 20

2D Echo w/ color Doppler + Contrast Echo

Front 21

2D Echo w/ color Doppler and Contrast Echo have superseded __________ ______________ as the confirmatory test for ASD.

Back 21

Cardiac Catheterization

Front 22

What three things could be seen during a bubble study to determine if a patient has an ASD?

Back 22

1. bubbles transfer from RA directly into the LA
   
2. negative contrast in the RA
3. bubbles transfer into the Pulmonary artery
   

Front 23

A rare and late complication of an ASD is called?

Back 23

Eisenmenger's syndrome

Front 24

Which type of ASD accounts for 20% of the patients with ASD?

Back 24

Ostium Primum ASD

Front 25

Which type of ASD is the most common found in the Down's syndrome population (40%)?

Back 25

Ostium Primum ASD

Front 26

Which two types of ASD are associated with anomalous pulmonary venous return?

Back 26

Sinus Venosus ASD

Coronary Sinus ASD

Front 27

What is associated with a cleft Mitral valve, partial anomalous Pulmonary venous return, and persistent left Superior Vena Cava?

Back 27

Common Atrium

Front 28

A diameter of _______ cm and/or an excursion of ________ cm meets the criteria of an Atrial Septal aneurysm.

Back 28

1.5 cm

1.5 cm

Front 29

To be considered a large ASD, it has to be

> ____ mm.

Back 29

large ASD = > 8 mm

Front 30

To be considered a small ASD, it has to be

< ____ mm.

Back 30

small ASD = < 3 mm

Front 31

An ASD that is 3 - 5mm in size is considered to be?

Back 31

moderate

Front 32

An ASD that is 5 - 8mm in size is considered to be?

Back 32

moderately large

Front 33

If the Ductus Arteriosus (DA) will not close on its own, ____________ will be given to the patient.

Back 33

NSAIDS

Front 34

The equation that represents the systolic pulmonary pressure is?

Back 34

systolic BP - 4(v) sqd.

Front 35

Which is the most common type of VSD found in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot?

Back 35

Malalignment VSD

Front 36

Name the five types of VSD's.

Back 36

1. Perimembranous VSD
2. Trabecular VSD
3. Inlet VSD
4. Outlet VSD
5. Malalignment VSD
   

Front 37

What is the most common type of VSD?

Back 37

Perimembranous VSD

Front 38

Muscular, Central, Apical, and Marginal are all names for which type of VSD?

Back 38

Trabecular VSD

Front 39

What is a congenital disorder in the heart where a neonate's Ductus Arteriosus fails to close after birth?

Back 39

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Front 40

Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a congenital disorder in the heart where a neonate's __________ ____________ fails to close after birth.

Back 40

Ductus Arteriosus

Front 41

Infundibular, Conal, Supracristal, Subpulmonary, and Subarterial are all names for which type of VSD?

Back 41

Outlet VSD

Front 42

Which VSD is located in the muscular septum which extends from the attachments of the Tricuspid valve leaflets toward the cardiac Apex and upward to the level toward the Crista Ventricularis?

Back 42

Trabecular VSD

Front 43

Which type of VSD is located posteriorly and inferiorly beneath the Tricuspid valve septal leaflet?

Back 43

Inlet VSD

Front 44

Which type of VSD demonstrates an increased prevalence in the Asian population?

Back 44

Outlet VSD

Front 45

If left uncorrected, a ____________ can lead to pulmonary hypertension, CHF, and arrhythmias.

Back 45

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Front 46

Which type of VSD may be associated with the formation of aneurysmal tissue along the RV side of the septum?

Back 46

Perimembranous VSD

Front 47

Which type of VSD is thought to be the result of the opposition of the septal leaflet of the Tricuspid valve against the VSD?

Back 47

Perimembranous VSD

Front 48

An AtrioVentricular canal type posterior is also referred to as?

Back 48

Inlet VSD

Front 49

Which type of VSD is associated with Aortic valve Prolapse with Aortic Insufficiency?

Back 49

Outlet VSD

Front 50

Which type of VSD is visualized in PSAX Ao view from 9 - 12 o'clock?

Back 50

Perimembranous VSD

Front 51

Which type of VSD is visualized in PSAX Ao view from 12 - 3 o'clock?

Back 51

Outlet VSD

Front 52

What does the PDA become upon closure 12 - 24 hours after birth?

Back 52

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Front 53

When the heart is positioned in the right side of the chest, it is called?

Back 53

Dextrocardial

Front 54

When the heart is positioned in the left side of the chest, it is called?

Back 54

Levocardia

Front 55

When the heart is positioned in the middle of the chest, it is called?

Back 55

Mesocardia

Front 56

Reversals of the E - A waveforms are normal up to ___________.

Back 56

3 months

Front 57

Which view is best to visualize a Secundum ASD?

Back 57

Subcostal 4 chamber

*not Apical 4

Front 58

What is an Iatrogenic ASD?

Back 58

physician induced ASD

*ie. pacemaker wire

Front 59

Qp is the volume of?

Back 59

pulmonary venous flow

Front 60

Qs is the volume of?

Back 60

systemic venous flow

Front 61

The equation for Stroke Volume is?

Back 61

SV = CSA x VTI

Front 62

The equation for CSA is?

Back 62

CSA = 0.785 x LVOT (D) sqd.

CSA = 0.785 x RVOT (D) sqd.

Front 63

What is the shunt ratio equation?

Back 63

Qp / Qs

*SV rvot / SV lvot