Ped Quiz Iii

Front 1

Sound Waves

Back 1

Alterations in pressure which propel themselves through an elastic medium
--Positive pressure: compression. Negative pressure: rarefaction.
--Slowest speed occurs at the two extreme positions. The fastest speed is at the median of its oscillation.

Front 2

Three properties of Musical Sound

Back 2

1) Frequency: # of vibratory cycles/sec or Hz.
Period: time taken to complete one vibratory cycle
Wavelength: divide speed of sound by frequency of the wave
Pitch: mind's interpretation of frequency
2) Amplitude: maximum displacement from a resting position. The greater the amplitude, the more energy transmitted.
Loudness: the ear's subjective evaluation of a sound wave's amplitude.
3) Timbre: tone quality: quality of a musical note, sound or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production.
Timbre determined by: 1) # of partials 2) distribution of partials 3) relative intensity (strength) of partials 4) inharmonic partials (not even/odd integers of fundamental) 5) fundamental tone 6) total intensity.
Damping: time rate at which energy is dissipated in a vibrating body.

Front 3

What sets singing apart?

Back 3

-soundwave produced is a saw-tooth type containing fundamentals and its harmonics
-harmonic output of VF can be varied to some extent
-fundamental of the wave can be varied over at least two octaves
-vocal cavities possess several different discrete/distinct resonant frequencies which can be varied; certain overtones can be accentuated

Front 4

Acoustical Laws Concerning Cavities

Back 4

Volume: the larger the cavity, the lower the frequency at which it resonates. Smaller the cavity, the higher the frequency.
Size of Aperture: longer and narrow, lower the frequency. wider and flatter the neck, higher the frequency to which it responds
Texture of the walls: Softer walls, lower harmonics emphasized; harder walls, higher frequencies are emphasized
conductivity factor: coupling of the resonators can enhance the acoustic information generated at the source (VF)

Front 5

What instrument is the voice closest to?

Back 5

A wind instrument. The vocal vibrator is an air-stream sound generator -- periodically releases and closes off air ascending for the lungs. Double reed instrument.

Front 6

Resonance Cavities

Back 6

Principal Cavities: both are tunable! Both can be consciously altered by tongue, lips, soft palate, jaw.
1) Pharynx (laryngo-, naso-, oro-)
2) Mouth

Front 7

Pharynx and resonant areas of it

Back 7

Pharynx: irregularly shaped tube from back of nose to posterior surface of the base of cricoid.
1) nasopharynx: base of skull to soft palate. this can close this
2) oropharynx: soft palate to top of epiglottis. this has the greatest capacity for altering its shape. tongue position has major effect on this space.
3) laryngopharynx: top of epiglottis to base of cricoid. sound waves pass through here first.
Chest, head, nose, and sinuses are not true resonators -- sympathetic vibrations here are indicators that they are properly tuned.

Front 8

Three Articulatory Motions which affect the shape of the vocal tract

Back 8

1) Location of major constricting shape vocal tract constiction along the length of the VT (where the hump is)
2) degree of constriction (space from tongue to roof of mouth)
3) length of vocal tract (influenced by larynx & lip rounding/spreading)