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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Wellness
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Optimal health and vitality, encompassing physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, interpersonal and social, and environmental well-being.
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Infectious Disease
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A disease that is communicable from one person to another; caused by invading microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
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Chronic Disease
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A disease that develops and continues over a long period of time; usually caused by a variety of factors, including lifestyles factors.
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Physical Fitness
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A set of physical attributes that allows the body to respond or adapt to the demands and stress of physical effort.
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Unintentional Injury
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An injury that occurs without harm being intended.
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Target Behavior
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An isolated behavior selected as the object for a behavior change program.
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Self-Efficacy
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The belief in one's ability to take action and perform a specific behavior.
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Locus of Control
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The figurative "place" a person designates as the source of responsibility for the events in his or her life.
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Physical Activity
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Any body movement carried out by the skeletal muscles and requiring energy.
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Exercise
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Planned, structured, repetitive movement of the body designed to improve or maintain physical fitness.
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Health-Related Fitness
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Physical capacities that contribute to health: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
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Cardiorespiratory Endurance
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The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate-to-high levels of intensity.
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Muscular Strength
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The amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.
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Metabolism
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The sum of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body.
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Muscular Endurance
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The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to remain contracted or to contract repeatedly for a long period of time.
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Flexibility
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The range of motion in a joint or group of joints, flexibility is relatedto muscle length.
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Body Composition
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The proportion of fat and fat-free mass (muscle, bone, and water) in the body.
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Fat-Free Mass
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The nonfat component of the human body, consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, and water.
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Skill-Related Fitness
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Physical capacities that contribute to performance in a sport or activity: speed, power, agility, balance, coordination, and reaction time.
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Physical Training
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The performance of different types of activities that cause the body to adapt and improve its level of fitness.
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Specificity
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The training principle that the body adapts to the particular type and amount of stress placed on it.
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Progressive Overload
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The training principle that placing increasing amounts of stress on the body causes adaptations that improve fitness.
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Reversibility
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The training principle that fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are lowered.
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Exercise Stress Test
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Used to determine if any heart disease is present and to assess current fitness level.
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Graded Exercise Test (GXT)
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An exercise test that starts at an easy intensity and progresses to maxiumum capacity.
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Overtraining
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A condition caused by training too much or too intensely, characterized by lack of energy, decreased physical performance, fatigue, depression, aching muscles and joints, and susceptibility to injury.
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Pulmonary circulation
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The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart.
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Systemic Circulation
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The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart.
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Atria
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The two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles; also called auricles.
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Venae Cavae
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The large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart.
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Ventricles
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The two lower chambers of the heart from which blood flows through arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body.
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Aorta
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The large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it ot the body.
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Systole
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contraction of the heart
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Diastole
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Relaxation of the heart
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Blood Pressure
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The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure increases during systole and decreases during diastole.
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Veins
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Vessels that carry blood to the heart.
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Arteries
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Vessles that carry blood away from the heart.
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Capillaries
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Very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body.
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Respiratory System
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The lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and carries off carbon dioxide.
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Alveoli
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Tiny air sacs in the lungs through whose walls gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood.
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Cardiac Output
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The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped during each beat).
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Glucose
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A simple sugar that circulates in the blood and can be used by cells to fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
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Glycogen
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A complex carbohydrate stored principally in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuel source during most forms of intense exercise. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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Energy source for cellular processes.
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Immediate (explosive) Energy System
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Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP).
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Nonoxidative (anaerobic) Energy System
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Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen; also called the anaerobic system or the lactic acid system because chemical reasctions take place without oxygen and produce lactic acid.
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Anaerobic
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Occurring in the absence of oxygen.
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Lactic Acid
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A metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen; an important source of fuel for many tissues of the body, its accumulation may produce fatigue.
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Aerobic
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Dependent on the presence of oxygen.
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Lipoproteins
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substances in blood, classified according to size, density, and chemical composition, that transport fats.
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Endorphins
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Substances resembling morphine that are secreted by the brain and that decrease pain, suppress fatigue, and produce euphoria.
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Neurotransmitters
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Brain chemicals that transmitnerve impulses.
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Heart Rate Reserve
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The difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in one method for calculating target heart rate range.
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Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
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A system of monitoring exercise intensity based on assigning a number to the subjective perception of target intensity.
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Synovial Fluid
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Fluid produced within many joints that provides lubrication and nutrients for the joints.
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Muscular Strength
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The amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.
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Muscular Endurance
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The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to remain contracted (sustain a level of muscular force) or to contract repeatedly.
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Muscle Fiber
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A single muscle cell, usually classified according to strength, speed of contraction, and energy source.
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Myofibrils
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Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.
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Hypertrophy
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An increase in the size of a muscle fiber, usually stimulated by muscular overload.
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Atrophy
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A decrease in the size of muscle cells.
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Power
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The ability to exert force rapidly.
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Motor Unit
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A motor nerve (one that initiates movement) connected to one or more muscle fibers.
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Tendon
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A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or other body part and transmits the force exerted by the muscle.
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Ligament
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A tough band of tissue that connects the ends of bones to other bones or supports organs in place.
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Testosterone
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The principle male hormone.
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Static (isometric) Exercise
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Exercise involving a muscle contraction without a change in the length of the muscle.
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Dynamic (isotonic) Exercise
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Exercise involving a muscle contraction witha change in the length of the muscle.
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Concentric Muscle Contraction
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An isotonic contraction in which the muscle gets shorter as it contracts.
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Eccentric Muscle Contraction
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An isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens as it contracts; also called a pliometric contraction.
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Isokinetic
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The application of force at a constant speed against an equal force.
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Flexibility
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The range of motion in a joint or group of joints.
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Joint Capsules
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Semielastic stuctures, composed primarily of connective tissue, that surround major joints.
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Soft tissues
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Tissues of the human body that include skin, fat, linings of internal organs and blood vessels, connective tissues, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.
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Collagen
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White fibers that provide structure and support in connective tissue.
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Elastin
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Yellow fibers that make connective tissue flexible.
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Titin
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A filament in muscle that helps align proteins that cause muscle contraction; titin has elastic properties and also plays a role in flexibility.
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Stretch Receptors
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Senseorgans in skeletal muscles that initiate a nerve signal to the spinal cord in response to a stretch; a contraction follows.
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Vertobrae
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Bony segments composing the spinal column that provide structural support for the body and protect the spinal cord.
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Intervertebral Disk
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An elastic disk located between adjoining vertebrae consisting of a gel- and water-filled nucleus surrounded by fibrous rings; it serves as a shock absorber for the spinal column.
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Nerve Root
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Base of one of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord through spaces between vertebrae.
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Adipose Tissue
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Connective tissue in which fat is stored.
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Amenorrhea
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Absent or infrequent menstruation, sometimes related to low levels of body fat and excessive quantity or intensity of exercise.
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Female Athlete Triad
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A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patters followed by lack of menstrual periods and decreased bone density.
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Body Mass Index
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A measure of relative body weight correlating highly with more direct measures of body fat, calculated by dividing total body weight (in kilograms) by the square of body height (in meters).
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