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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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AGE |
Age is a physiological factor we have no control over.there are various physical effects ageing has on our body that can influence levels of participation in sport |
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AGE |
Flexibility: quite high in teens but decreases with age, therefore makes some activities more difficult. Putting on weight can also reduce flexibility |
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AGE |
STRENGTH: increases as you get older peaks during your twenties and thirties but decreases during your fourties |
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AGE |
OXYGEN CAPACITY: reduces with age and the heart becomes less efficient. Arteries loss their elasticity increasing blood pressure and reducing blood flow |
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AGE |
SKILL: Can improve with age due to expirience |
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AGE |
The older you get the longer it takes to recover from injuries. There is a high chance of suffering from disorders or diseases |
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DISABILITY |
There are four types of disability Temporary Permanent Mental Physical All sports can be catered for either general or specific abilities. The paralympics are held every four years after the Olympics . Adapted sports such as wheelchair basketball where the hoops heights are the same but some of the rules are adapted e.g travelling Adapted equipment such as footballs used by the blind and visually impaired where there are ball bearings in small compartments within the ball so that it is audible and it's movements can be tracked Other equipment such as specially designed and adapted wheelchairs are available not only for basketball and athletics but for hockey tennis fishing Disability classifications exist for all activities relating to the particular physical demand of the sport. E.g athletics uses a system of letters t for track and f for field and numbers which identify the particular disability to make the competition fair Facilities: Access-doors and doorways have to be wide enough to allow wheelchair access a and ramps may be provided Parking- disabled bays mutual be marked and made available Provisions- life must allow access to the upper floors, disabled toilets |
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PHYSIQE |
Endomorph: wide hips, shoulder and high body fat Are suited to specific sports that do not require high levels of speed or mobility duty to their additional weight Suited to sports like rugby especially in scrum |
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PHYSIQE |
Mesomorph: broad shoulders with muscular arms and legs Tend to muscular have an athletic build with little body fat and can gain muscle easily. Suited to sports that require speed strenght, power e.g artistic gymnastics ,swimming or athletics |
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PHYSIQE |
Ectomorph: narrow shoulders and hips, lean build with little body fat Tend to be tall and of a delicate build. Suited to endurance and agility type of events e.g cross country, marathon |
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Enviroment: can have an effect on participation in sport |
Weather: factor that is uncontrollable a professional might be able to afford to go to a country where the weather is suitable e.g cold and snowy for skiers or warm and dry for tennis Weather affects both training and competing separately Training: if you are a marathon runner and you need to carry out distance runs smoothly as part of your training they won't be able to do it if there is snow and ice Competing: many activities stop if the weather is poor.this includes being hot, too cold, too dry, too foggy, too windy or during thunder storms. Pollution: affects both training and competing because it is a serious health risk. If pollution levels are too high performing outside will not be possible so training is restricted indoors where there is air conditioning Altitude:training and performing at high altitude can be a real benefit for those who take part in endurance events Humidity: amount of water vapour in the air. Makes conditions very difficult for performers to keep their bodies cool to avoid dehydration Terrain: the landscape you may require may be crucial to your sport E.g skiers need slopes |
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Roles in Sport: performer, coach and official |
You need to have: Knowledge of activity rules and technique Good communication skills to avoid tedium Knowledge of safety aspects and carry out a risk assessment Able to analyse performance and give advice on improving Ability to control and organise others |
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Fatigue: extreme tiredness cane be either physical or mental |
Muscular fatigue can cause you to stop activity completely Decline in concentration levels Make mistakes Incorrect execution of techniques Lead to injury if you don't stop Participants that are fatigued may appear to spectators to not be putting enough effort in and are subject to criticisms |
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Stress: the body's reply to change requiring physical mental or emotional adjustment |
Can cause aggression Increased arousal Muscle tightness( caused by suspence or nervousness Lack of motivation Anxiety ( increases tension and agitation |
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Tedium |
Participants who get bored during training or practice |
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Introvert |
Tends to be quite and shy and prefer individual sports where skill and concentration are needed e.g gymnastics |
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Extrovert |
Tend to outgoing confident prefer team sports with a high level of excitement |
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FITNESS COMPONENTS |
Dynamic strength/muscular endurance: ability of muscles to work continuously over a long period of time Explosive strenghth: used in one sharp movement Static strength :amount of strenghth applied to an immovable object Power: combination of speed and strenghth Flexibility : the range of movement around a joint Agility: the ability to change direct quickly a combination of flexibility and speed Balance: the ability to stay level and stable Coordination: the ability to control the body when performing different actions at the same time Cardiovascular endurance: ability of the heart and lungs to continously supply oxygen over long periods Timing: the ability to coincide movements in relation to external factors Reaction time: the length of time taken to respond to a stimulus |
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Aerobic threshold |
60% of mhr |
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Anaerobic threshold |
80% of mhr |
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Principles of training |
Specificity Progression Overload Reversibility Tediun Specficity- training that matches to the demands of the sport Progression-gradually increase the stresses put on the body. Excersing at the same level does not show progression. To show progression training has to be changed. Overload- make your body work harder than normal. It's the threshold of training. Pulse rate has risen over 60% max Reversibility -when training stops and your body reverts back to the level of fitness you had prior training programme Tedium- prevention of Boddam during training Rest and recovery- important for all athletes Frequency - number of times you exercise in a week Intensity-level of difficulty you exercise working in a target zone of 60-80% Time- how long you train for |
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Interval training |
Involves periods of intense work followed by rest periods Can be short or long Suitable for games, players and sprinter Tests aerobic and anaerobic fitness Pros: can be adapted to different activities Can be adapted to different levels of fitness No specialists equipment required Can be carried out individually or as a team Cons:work and rest periods need to be timed carefully Can be repetetive |
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Circuit training |
Variety of exercises at stations . Exercise different muscles and muscle groups Excercises are completed at a certain amount of time 30-60 secs Tests aerobic and anaerobic fitness and general fitness Pros: can be adapted to include skill Can show progression Cons: takes time to set up, specialist equipment can be needed |
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Weight training |
Done in sets and reps Use either free weight or machinery weights Tests Explosive strenghth Requires a spotter at times Buildup muscular strength and endurance and muscle tone Pros: Free weights- easy to ads weights Fixed weights- safe to use and less chance of overloading weights Easy to show progression Cons: injury can occur due to poor stance |
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Amateur |
Takes part in physical activity as a hobby rather than for financial gain Don't get paid usually have a job Have to fit in trying within their jobs and studies |
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Professional |
Takes part in sport for their livelihood Get paid and do it as a full time job |
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Ways amateurs receive money |
Sponsorship deals Expenses payments Scholarships |
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Risk Assessment |
Making sure any potential hazards are identified before physical activity |
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Aspect of training: warmup |
Prepares body for physical activity Increases blood flow Gets you psychologically prepared Reduces possibility of injury because when muscles are cold they are prone to damage of fibres and tendons |
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Aspects of training : fitness phase |
Consists of an endurance excercise Principle of overloading is used Concentrate on an aspect of fitness specifically suited to the activity |
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Aspects of training: skill phase |
Team activity and you focus on a particular skill in the activity For example lay ups in basketball |
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Warm down |
Light Excercises to help with recovery and remove lactic acid |
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Continously training |
Pulse rate is kept at constant level above training threshold Prolonged excercise improve cardiovascular and respiratory systems Suitable training for Reversibility( those recovering from injury) |
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Farther training (speed play) |
Uses aerobic and anaerobic fitness Changes of pace |
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Diet |
Carbohydrates : Provide energy Can either be simple or complex Simple-sugar Complex- rice, pasta Protein- growth and muscle repair Animal products and plant foods Fats- provide energy cheese, meat, oil Vitamins- essential for good health Friut and veg Minerals- different functions required in small amounts vegetables and meat Water/fluids- to stay hydrated and prevent dehydration Fibre- aids the digestive system Cereal , oats |
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Dietary imbalance |
Malnutrition - insufficient nutrient intake causing physical weakness Obesity- overweight leads to many health problems Anorexia- self starvation due to fear of gaining weight |
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Injury prevention |
Risk assessment Warming up Enforcing and following code of conduct Wearing correct equipment and clothing |
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Causes of injury |
Incorrect execution of techniques can lead to injury of individual or opponent e.g going in for a sliding tackle Overuse training causes Overuse injuries e.g tennis elbow Sudden injuries caused by movements such as stretching and twisting e.g pulled hamstring whilst sprinting Foul play can cause injury- pulling shirt Impact injuries e.g with equipment or playing surface Equipment/clothing - football boots cause blisters Accidents can occur despite precautions to try and prevent them |
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Healing injury |
Rest Ice Compression Elevation |
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Rules relating to sport and equipment |
Footwear: Some sports require specific footwear to be worn for safety Athletics: track runners wear shoes with spikes Football- shoes with studs on the grass to prevent slipping Gymnastics - no footwear required Equipment : almost all sports require equipment to be worn E.g gymnastics they wear wrist guards hand grips and elbow and ankle braces if necessary Clothing: most sports have kit that must be worn for competition some sports have specific requirements |
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Social groupings: peers |
Positive effects: Support your veiws and participation Encouragement Listen to advice Admire Join in with them Negative effects: Choose not to be active because your friend isn't participating Not going to training when friend doesn't go Go along with negative views of physical activity |
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Social groupings: family |
Positive effects: Role model Financial support Provide transport Encouragement and motivation Negative effects Poor role models Lack of financial support Lack of social support Pressure to focus on academic work |
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Social groupings: gender |
Positive effects: Less of an issue that previous years More opportunities for women to play sport as men Morning opportunities for female roles within sport Negative effects: Some gender differences still exists e.g professional male footballers still get paid more than women |
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Social groupings: ehnicity |
Positive effects: Role models- there has been an increase in ethnic minority participation in elite sport Negative effects: Traditional veiws don't always support participation e.g some religions don't encourage females right take part in pe due to clothing issues Influenced by visibility of role models of similar racial background e.g there are few black people in sports like tennis and golf compared to football Incidences of racial abuse in sport |
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Organisational influences: Sports England |
Set up by the government it aims to increase participation in sport by providing funding and facilities. And by monitoring levels of participation and identifying priority groups. Funding is provide by the government & national lottery with over 1 billion being invested. |
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Organisational influences: national governing bodies |
Responsible for running individual sports locally and nationally Provide training and support for coaches and officials ensuring that a talent development programe is in place to enable performer's to reach their potential |
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Organisational influences: youth trust |
Independent charity Aims to change young people's lives through sport It manages national sport competitions such as national school games |
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Organisational influences: Dame kelly Holmesfield trust |
Aims to use elite sport performers to inspire and mentor young people from a range of backgrounds to get their lives back on track and make the best of their talents |
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Organisational influences:British gymnastics |
Is a national governing body for gymnastics in the UK. Due to success in the 2012 Olympics it has set up a national talent programme to identify talented gymnasts at an early age |
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Role models: people other aspire to be like |
Ways role models shape attitudes: By playing fairly and abiding by the rules Setting trends The way they conduct themselves in both their sporting and private life Being successful Ways role models influence participation: By being inspirational Successful through performances Representing a group |
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Sponsorships |
Individual : The athlete gets given money to advertise a good e.g wearing a specific brand of footwear Teams and clubs: Payments made to the team and used for equipment, kit Sports: Major sponsorships associated with the sport to promote leagues or competitions Events: Big events such as the Olympics attract many sponsors because it increases publicity |
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Unacceptable sponsorships |
Smoking and alcohol because they promote poor health |
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Effects of sponsorships |
Provision of equipment clothing facilities and transport Entry fees and expense paid |
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Advantages of sponsorships |
Financial support Promotion of the sport Raise profile and image of the sport Increased revenue |
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Disadvantages of sponsorships |
Sponsors may start to dictate changes Can be withdrawn |
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Media influences on performance and participation |
High standards of performance are shown Slow motion replays allow good points to be emphasised and the viewer can learn Promotion physical activity and it's health benefits |
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Media influences: magazines |
Often contain sport stories Increasing number of specialised magazines in specific sports |
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Media influences: |
Newspapers: have dedicated sports sections at the back Books: textbooks autobiography novels IT:lots of info available on cds and the internet Increasing number of sites on the Internet broadcasting tv and radio Television: very powerful form of media. Shown on terrestrial channels. Large numbers of channels dedicated to sport are available Radio:increases in the number of radios rations broadcasting sport since intro of dab |
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Advantages of hosting international sport |
Make profit through sponsors, media rights and merchandise Facilities are updated Raise the profile |
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Disadvantaged |
Increased risk of terrorist attack Vandalism Political protests or boycotts Expensive to provide facilities and security |
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Competitions: knockouts |
One team plays another The winner goes to the next round and the loser drops out e.g darts Pros: Can be organised quickly and easily High numbers can participate double to drop out Cons: Comptetion is over quickly if you lose the first game |
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Competitions : ladders |
Set number of players/teams on the ladder Challenge people higher up the ladder to games and take their place if you win Pros: sifted to racket sports such as tennis Easy to run and administer Cons: Slow progress, only small numbers of participants can take part |
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Competitions : combination |
Qualifying leagues and winners progress to further leagues or knockouts e.g the football world cup Pros: play many games, more than one opportunity to qualify, large number of teams participate Cons: time consuming, meaningless games may be played where teams have qualified to to next stage |
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Issues in sporting events |
London 2012: possible terrorist attack/ticket allocation Riot 2014 football world cup: protests of high costs vs poverty Berlin 1936: Hitler used them for political beliefs Munich 1972: terror attack leading to high security cost's |
